Sustainable reverse logistics network design for end-of-life electric vehicle batteries under uncertainty: a fuzzy chance-constrained multi-objective approach for Saudi Arabia

作者：Majdi Argoubi, Khaled Mili · 发表于：Frontiers in Sustainability · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.3389/frsus.2026.1868046

The rapid expansion of electric vehicle (EV) adoption in Saudi Arabia under Vision 2030 generates an urgent need for end-of-life (EoL) power battery management infrastructure. Despite ambitious circular economy targets, the Kingdom currently lacks a standardized recycling network, and no quantitative optimization framework exists for the Gulf region's specific regulatory and market context. This paper proposes a fuzzy chance-constrained multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MO-MINLP) model for the optimal design of a three-tier EV battery reverse logistics network, simultaneously minimizing economic costs and environmental carbon emission costs under uncertain battery State of Health (SoH) distributions and fluctuating market prices. Uncertain parameters are represented as triangular fuzzy numbers handled through possibility theory at a confidence level of χ = 0.85, yielding a tractable crisp equivalent solved using LINGO 18.0. A linear weighted Pareto method identifies the optimal economic-environmental trade-off across 11 weight combinations. The model is validated through a case study of the Riyadh metropolitan area comprising 34 candidate network nodes. At the preferred compromise weight combination ( w 3 , w 2 ) = (0.7, 0.3), the construction and operating cost is SAR 24,314.70 thousand and the environmental cost is SAR 815.24 thousand. Relative to the purely economic optimum, an incremental economic expenditure of only SAR 0.48 thous...