Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

作者：Amanuel Alemu Cristiana Kaja M Foad Semaw Ferede Victor Ol Abajobir Abbafati Abbas Abd-Allah Abera Aboyans Ad, A. Abajobir, C. Abbafati, K. Abbas, F. Abd-Allah, S. Abera, V. Aboyans, O. Adetokunboh, A. Afshin, Anurag Agrawal, A. Ahmadi, M. Ahmed, Amani Nidhal Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Ibtihel Aichour, Sneha Aiyar, Fares Alahdab, Z. Al-Aly, K. Alam, N. Alam, Tahiya Alam, K. Alene, A. Al-Eyadhy, Syed Danish Ali, Reza Alizadeh-Navaei, J. Alkaabi, A. Alkerwi, F. Alla, P. Allebeck, Christine Allen, R. Al-Raddadi, U. Alsharif, K. Altirkawi, N. Alvis-Guzmán, A. Amare, E. Amini, W. Ammar, Y. Amoako, N. Anber, H. Andersen, C. Andrei, S. Androudi, H. Ansari, C. Antonio, P. Anwari, J. Ärnlöv, M. Arora, A. Artaman, K. Aryal, H. Asayesh, S. W. Asgedom, T. Atey, L. Ávila-Burgos, Euripide Avokpaho, A. Awasthi, T. Babalola, U. Bacha, K. Balakrishnan, A. Barać, M. Barboza, S. Barker-Collo, S. Barquera, L. Barregard, L. Barrero, B. Baune, Neeraj Bedi, E. Beghi, Y. Béjot, B. B. Bekele, M. Bell, James R. Bennett, I. Benseñor, A. Berhane, E. Bernabé, B. Betsu, M. Beuran, S. Bhatt, S. Biadgilign, Kelly Bienhoff, B. Bikbov, D. Bisanzio, R. Bourne, N. Breitborde, L. Bulto, Blair R Bumgarner, Z. Butt, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, E. Cameron, J. Campuzano, J. Car, Rosario Cárdenas, J. Carrero, A. Carter, Daniel C. Casey, C. Castañeda-Orjuela, F. Catalá-López, F. Charlson, C. Chibueze, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, V. Chisumpa, Abdulaal Chitheer, D. Christopher, Liliana G. Ciobanu, M. Cirillo, A. Cohen, Danny V. Colombara, C. Cooper, B. Cowie, M. Criqui, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, P. Dargan, J. D. das Neves, D. Davițoiu, K. Davletov, B. de Courten, B. K. Defo, L. Degenhardt, Selina Deiparine, Kebede Deribe, A. Deribew, Subhojit Dey, D. Dicker, E. Ding, S. Djalalinia, H. Do, D. Doku, Dirk Douwes-Schultz, T. Driscoll, M. Dubey, B. Duncan, M. Echko, Z. El-Khatib, C. Ellingsen, A. Enayati, H. Erskine, S. Eskandarieh, A. Esteghamati, Kara Estep, C. Farinha, Andre Faro, F. Farzadfar, V. Feigin, S. Fereshtehnejad, João Fernandes, A. Ferrari, T. R. Feyissa, I. Filip, Samuel Finegold, F. Fischer, C. Fitzmaurice, A. Flaxman, N. Foigt, Tahvi D Frank, Maya S. Fraser, N. Fullman, Thomas Fürst, J. Furtado, E. Gakidou, A. García-Basteiro, T. Gebre, G. Gebregergs, T. Gebrehiwot, Delelegn Yilma Gebremichael, J. Geleijnse, R. Gènova-Maleras, H. Gesesew, P. Gething, R. Gillum, M. Giroud, G. Giussani, W. Godwin, Audra Gold, Ellen M. Goldberg, P. Gona, S. Gopalani, H. Gouda, A. Goulart, Max G Griswold, Rajeev Gupta, Tanush Gupta, V. Gupta, J. Haagsma, N. Hafezi-Nejad, A. Hailu, G. B. Hailu, R. Hamadeh, M. Hambisa, S. Hamidi, M. Hammami, Jamie Hancock, A. Handal, G. Hankey, Y. Hao, H. Harb, H. Hareri, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand, Rasmus J. Havmoeller, Simon Iain Hay, Fei He, M. Hedayati, N. Henry, I. Heredia-Pi, C. Herțeliu, H. Hoek, M. Horino, N. Horita, H. Hosgood, S. Hostiuc, P. Hotez, D. Hoy, Chantal K Huynh, K. Iburg, C. Ikeda, B. Ileanu, Asnake Ararsa Irenso, C. Irvine, S. Islam, K. Jacobsen, N. Jahanmehr, M. Jakovljevic, Mehdi Javanbakht, Sudha Jayaraman, P. Jeemon, V. Jha, D. John, C. Johnson, Sarah C Johnson, J. Jonas, M. Jürisson, Z. Kabir, R. Kadel, Amaha Kahsay, R. Kamal, A. Karch, Seyed M. Karimi, Chante Karimkhani, A. Kasaeian, N. A. Kassaw, N. Kassebaum, S. Katikireddi, N. Kawakami, P. Keiyoro, L. Kemmer, C. Kesavachandran, Y. Khader, E. Khan, Y. Khang, A. Khoja, Mohammad Hossein Khosravi, A. Khosravi, J. Khubchandani, A. Kiadaliri, C. Kieling, D. Kievlan, Y. Kim, Daniel H. Kim, R. Kimokoti, Y. Kinfu, N. Kissoon, M. Kivimaki, A. Knudsen, J. Kopec, S. Kosen, P. Koul, A. Koyanagi, X. Kulikoff, G. Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar, Michael Kutz, H. Kyu, D. Lal, R. Lalloo, Tea Lallukka Nkurunziza Lambert, Q. Lan, V. Lansingh, A. Larsson, P. Lee, J. Leigh, J. Leung, M. Levi, Yongmei Li, Darya Li Kappe, Xiaofeng Liang, Misgan Legesse Liben, Stephen S. Lim, Patrick Y. Liu, Angela Liu, Yang Liu, R. Lodha, G. Logroscino, Alan D. Lopez, S. Lorkowski, P. Lotufo, R. Lozano, T. Lucas, Stefan Ma, E. Macarayan, Emilie Maddison, M. Magdy Abd El Razek, M. Majdan, R. Majdzadeh, A. Majeed, R. Malekzadeh, R. Malhotra, D. Malta, Helena Manguerra, Tsegahun Manyazewal, C. Mapoma, L. Marczak, D. Markos, J. Martínez-Raga, F. R. Martins-Melo, Ira Martopullo, C. McAlinden, Madeline McGaughey, J. McGrath, S. Mehata, T. Meier, K. G. Meles, P. Memiah, Z. Memish, M. Mengesha, D. T. Mengistu, Bereket Gebremichael Menota, G. Mensah, T. Meretoja, A. Meretoja, Anoushka I Millear, T. Miller, S. Minnig, M. Mirarefin, E. Mirrakhimov, A. Misganaw, S. Mishra, I. A. Mohamed, K. Mohammad, A. Mohammadi, S. Mohammed, A. Mokdad, G. Mola, Sarah K Mollenkopf, M. Molokhia, L. Monasta, J. Montañez, M. Montico, M. Mooney, M. Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, L. Morawska, C. Morozoff, S. Morrison, Cliff Mountjoy-Venning, K. Mruts, Kate Muller, C. Murray, G. V. Murthy, K. Musa, J. Nachega, M. Naghavi, A. Naheed, L. Naldi, V. Nangia, B. Nascimento, Jamal T Nasher, G. Natarajan, Ionut Negoi, J. Ngunjiri, C. Nguyen, Q. Nguyen, T. Nguyen, Grant Nguyen, Minh Nguyen, Emma Nichols, D. N. A. Ningrum, V. M. Nong, J. Noubiap, F. Ogbo, I. Oh, Anselm Okoro, A. Olagunju, H. Olsen, B. Olusanya, J. Olusanya, K. Ong, John Nelson Opio, Eyal Oren, Alberto Ortiz, M. Osman, E. Ota, Mahesh Pa, R. Pacella, S. Pakhalé, A. Pană, B. Panda, S. Panda‐Jonas, C. Papachristou, Eun‐Kee Park, S. Patten, G. Patton, Deepak Paudel, K. Paulson, David M Pereira, F. Pérez-Ruiz, N. Perico, Aslam Pervaiz, M. Petzold, M. Phillips, D. Pigott, Christine Pinho, D. Plass, Martin A Pletcher, S. Polinder, M. Postma, F. Pourmalek, Caroline A. Purcell, M. Qorbani, B. Quintanilla, A. Radfar, V. Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mahfuzar Rahman, R. Rai, C. Ranabhat, Zane Rankin, P. Rao, G. Rath, S. Rawaf, S. E. Ray, J. Rehm, R. Reiner, M. Reitsma, G. Remuzzi, S. Rezaei, M. S. Rezai, M. Rokni, L. Ronfani, G. Roshandel, Gregory A. Roth, D. Rothenbacher, G. Ruhago, Rizwan Sa, S. Saadat, P. Sachdev, Nafis Sadat, M. Safdarian, Sare Safi, S. Safiri, R. Sagar, R. Sahathevan, Joseph S. Salama, Payman Salamati, J. Salomon, A. Samy, J. Sanabria, M. Sánchez-Niño, D. Santomauro, I. Santos, M. Šantrić Milićević, B. Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, M. Schmidt, I. Schneider, Sam Schulhofer-Wohl, A. Schutte, D. Schwebel, F. Schwendicke, S. Sepanlou, E. Serván-Mori, K. Shackelford, S. Shahraz, M. Shaikh, M. Shamsipour, M. Shamsizadeh, Jayendra Sharma, Rajesh Sharma, Jun She, S. Sheikhbahaei, M. Shey, Chloe Shields, M. Shigematsu, R. Shiri, S. Shirude, I. Shiue, Haitham Shoman, M. Shrime, I. Sigfusdottir, Naris Silpakit, J. Silva, J. Singh, A. Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Amber Sligar, David L. Smith, Alison Smith, Mari Smith, B. Sobaih, S. Soneji, Reed J. D. Sorensen, J. Soriano · 发表于：The Lancet · 年份：2017 · DOI：10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32152-9 · 被引用次数：4291 · 研究领域：Medicine

Summary Background Monitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends. Methods We estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemb...