A Comprehensive Review on Cellulose Nanofibers, Nanomaterials, and Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications

作者：Subin Antony Jose, Nicholas Cowan, Matthew Davidson, Giovanni Godina, I. Smith, Justin Xin, P. L. Menezes · 发表于：Nanomaterials · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3390/nano15050356 · 被引用次数：172 · 研究领域：Medicine

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs), and cellulose-based composites represent a convergence of material science, sustainability, and advanced engineering, paving the way for innovative and eco-friendly materials. This paper presents a comprehensive review of these materials, encompassing their extraction, preparation methods, properties, applications, and future directions. The manufacturing of CNFs and CNMs leverages diverse techniques—chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic—with each offering distinct advantages in tailoring material characteristics to meet specific needs. Strategies for functionalization and surface modification are detailed, highlighting their role in enhancing the properties of CNFs and composites while addressing challenges in scaling production to industrial levels. The structural, mechanical, thermal, optical, electrical, and biocompatibility properties of CNFs, CNMs, and their composites are explored, underscoring their versatility for applications across various industries. Cellulose-based composites, in particular, demonstrate exceptional tunable properties for specific uses, although achieving uniform dispersion remains a key technical hurdle. These materials have applications in packaging, automotive, aerospace, biomedical devices, energy storage, and environmental remediation. Emerging research trends emphasize the integration of CNFs and CNMs with advanced manufacturing technologies, promoting sustainable practices and life ...