Tracing the key influencing factors and predicting the concentration trend of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum and plasma

作者：Liu B, Ma X, Li J, Liu S, Yu Y · 发表于：Journal of environmental sciences (China) · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1016/j.jes.2025.06.048 · 研究领域：Fluorocarbons、Environmental Pollutants、Environmental Monitoring、Environmental Exposure、Humans、Alkanesulfonic Acids、Caprylates

This review completed 58,647 data acquisition over 30 years from the published literatures to investigate the distribution, influencing factors and future levels of 15 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in human serum and plasma. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is the predominant PFAS with a mean of 11.8 ng/mL in serum and 9.32 ng/mL in plasma, accounting more than 50 % of the total of 15 PFASs (∑15PFASs) in most countries. Industrial emission, dietary ingestion and exposure of clothing and paper for packaging food are the primary sources of PFASs in human blood, contributing 41.6 %, 21.3 % and 17.5 % of ∑15PFASs, respectively. High ∑15PFASs are found in serum and plasma from Sweden, Australia, United States and China. A significant declining trend is observed in serum and plasma concentrations of PFOS after 2009. Moreover, gender, pregnancy and exposure significantly influence the blood concentrations of some PFAS congeners. The levels of PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid in both serum and plasma are predicted to decrease significantly in the next two decades, while those of perfluorodecanoic acid in serum may increase by 69.3 %. This review contributes a valuable perspective for understanding the occurrence, sources, influencing factors and future levels of PFASs in human blood.