Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the regulation of skatole, microorganisms, and tryptophan metabolites in vitro fermentation of pig

作者：Gao X, Zhang S, Ge S, Yang Q, Gun S · 发表于：Microbiology spectrum · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1128/spectrum.03292-25 · 研究领域：Saccharomyces cerevisiae、gut microbiota、pig、skatole、tryptophan metabolism

Skatole (3-methylindole), one of the most malodorous compounds from swine manure, poses serious risks to animal, human, and environmental health. Therefore, it has become a serious concern in livestock farming. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used in livestock feed to improve growth and intestinal health. However, its role in reducing skatole production and the underlying mechanisms remains unclear. To explore this idea, an in vitro fermentation study was conducted using pig rectal contents. We evaluated skatole levels by high-performance liquid chromatography and profiled microbiota and metabolites using 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. S. cerevisiae supplementation significantly reduced pH and skatole concentration in the fermentation broth. There was a significant increase in the abundance of Lysinibacillus, Sojibacillus, Bacillus, Sphingobacterium, Moraxella, and Proteiniclasticum, along with a significant decrease in Peptostreptococcus, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG_001, Enterococcus, Desulfovibrio, Veillonella, and Streptococcus. The abundance of Sphingobacterium, Moraxella, and Proteiniclasticum was negatively correlated with pH and skatole, whereas Desulfovibrio and Streptococcus showed a positive correlation. Metabolomic analysis revealed that methyl (indol-3-yl)acetate, indoxyl sulfate, and 3-methylindole were significantly downregulated. Meanwhile, 5-hydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, ...