ELECTROCHEMICAL RECHARGEABLE BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES: A COMPARATIVE STATE-OF-THE-ART REVIEW

作者：Ciprian Popa, Andrei-Darius DELIU · 发表于：Journal of marine Technology and Environment · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.53464/jmte.02.2026.07 · 研究领域：Advanced battery technologies research、Advanced Battery Technologies Research、Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Electrical energy storage plays a critical role in modern industrial, transport, and power-system applications, particularly in the context of renewable-energy integration and grid-support services. Among available storage technologies, electrochemical batteries are especially important because they enable reversible conversion between electrical and chemical energy and provide a practical solution for a wide range of operating requirements. This paper presents a comparative technical analysis of the main rechargeable battery technologies, with emphasis on their electrochemical structure, operating principles, and application-related performance. The study examines the fundamental characteristics of electrochemical cells and battery packs, including nominal voltage, capacity, energy rating, and series-parallel configuration. It then reviews the main rechargeable chemistries currently used in practice, namely lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and sodium-based batteries. The analysis highlights the principal advantages and limitations of each technology in terms of energy density, cycle life, charging behaviour, safety constraints, environmental impact, and engineering applicability. The results indicate that no single battery chemistry is universally optimal, and that technology selection must be based on application-specific trade-offs involving cost, performance, durability, safety, and system-integration requirements.