Long-term monitoring of the optical performance of the primary mirrors at the Coihueco and Loma Amarilla sites of the Pierre Auger Observatory

作者：Adila Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, M. Ahmed, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, R. ALOISIO, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Antonio Ambrosone, Juan Ammerman Yebra, Luis A. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, L. Andrade Dourado, Lorenzo Apollonio, C. Aramo, Enrico Arnone, J. C. Arteaga‐Velázquez, P. Assis, G. Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Y. Balibrea, Anastasia Yurevna Baluta, Felicia Barbato, A. Bartz Mocellin, J. P. Behler, Corinne Bérat, М. Бертаина, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, V. Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, J. Biteau, Jiří Blažek, J. Blümer, M. Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Nataliia Borodai, J. Brack, P. G. Brichetto Orquera, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, Anthony Bwembya, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, Sergio Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, J. Caraça-Valente, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, Fernando Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, M. Cerda, B. Čermáková, A. Cermenati, K. Černý, J. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, A. C. Cobos Cerutti, Roberta Colalillo, R. Conceição, Giovanni Consolati, M. Conte, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, Pedro J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, E.-T. de Boone, Beatriz de Errico, Joaquín de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, Emanuele De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, N. Denner, K. Denner Syrokvas, L. Deval, Armando di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Yessica Domínguez, Qader Dorosti, R. C. dos Anjos, Jan Ebr, F. Ellwanger, R. Engel, Italo Epicoco, M. Erdmann, A. Etchegoyen, Carmelo Evoli, H. Falcke, Glennys R. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, T. Fehler, F. Feldbusch, A. Fernandes, M. Fernández Alonso, B. Fick, J.M. Figueira, P. Filip, A. Filipĉič, Benjamin Flaggs, A Franco, M. Freitas, Toshihiro Fujii, A. Fuster, C. Galea, B. Garćıa, Chloé Gaudu, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, M. Giammarco, Christian Gläser, F. Gobbi, Fernando Gollan, G. Golup, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, J.P. Gongora, Nicolás Martín González, D. Góra, A. Gorgi, Marvin Gottowik, F. Guarino, G.P. Guedes, Y.C. Guerra, Lukas Gülzow, Steffen Hahn, P. Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, P. Hansen, V. M. Harvey, A. Haungs, M. Havelka, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J.R. Hörandel, Pavel Horváth, M. Hrabovský, T. Huege, A. Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, M. Ismaiel, Petr Janeček, V. Jilek, K.‐H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, H.O. Klages, M. Kleifges, A. Klingel, J. Köhler, F. Krieger, M. Kubatova, N. Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, Niklas Langner, N. Leal, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, Y. Lema-Capeans, A. Letessier‐Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, L. Lopes, Jon Paul Lundquist, M. Mallamaci, Salvatore Mancuso, Dušan Mandát, P. Mantsch, A. G. Mariazzi, C. Marinelli, Ioana Codrina Mariş, G. Marsella, D. Martello, S. Martinelli, O. Martı́nez, A. Martínez-Méndez, Miguel A. Martins, Hermann-Josef Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, Sonja Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, Gustavo Medina‐Tanco, Janning Meinert, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, C. Merx, S. Michal, María Isabel Micheletti, L. Miramonti, M. Mogarkar, Silvia Mollerach, F. Montanet, Leonel Morejón, Katharine Mulrey, R. Mussa, W.M. Namasaka, S. Negi, L. Nellen, K. Nguyen, Gabriela Nicora, Marcus Niechciol, D. Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, Alexander Novikov, Vladimír Novotný, L. Nožka, Achille Nucita, Luis A. Núñez, S.E. Nuza, J. Ochoa, Marcos Olegario, Cainã de Oliveira, L. Östman, M. Palatka, Juan Pallotta, G. Parente, T. Paulsen, J. Pawlowsky, M. Pech, Jan Pękala, R. Pelayo, Vincent Pelgrims, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, Lorenzo Perrone, S. Petrera, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, M. Platino, Bjarni Pont, M. Pourmohammad Shahvar, Paolo Privitera, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Prouza, Krzysztof Pytel, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, João Vítor Reginatto Akim, M.Z. Rennó, A. Reuzki, J. Řídký, Felix Riehn, Markus Risse, V. Rizi, B. Rocha Moldes, E. Rodriguez, Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez, J. Rodriguez Rojo, S. Rossoni, M. Roth, Esteban Roulet, Adrián Rovero, A. Sǎftoiu, M. Saharan, F. Salamida, Humberto Antonio Salazar Ibarguen, G. Salina, P. Sampathkumar, N. San Martin, Jose Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, F. Rodríguez, Eva Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, R. Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, Viviana Scherini, H. Schieler, M. Schimp, David Schmidt, O. Schölten, Harm Schoorlemmer, Petr Schovánek, Frank Schröder, Josina Schulte, T. Schulz, Sergio J Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, Adrian Sedoski, S. Sehgal, S.U. Shivashankara, G. Sigl, Katarína Simkova, F. Simon, Radomir Šmída, Sarah Soares Sippert, P. Sommers, S. Stanič, Jarosław Stasielak, Patrick Stassi, S. Strähnz, M. Straub, Tiina Suomijärvi, A. D. Supanitsky, Zuzana Svozilikova, Zbigniew Szadkowski, F. Tairli, A. Tapia, Carla Taricco, Charles Timmermans, Olena Tkachenko, Petr Tobiška, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, Andres Travaini, P. Trávnı́ček, Caterina Trimarelli, Matias Jorge Tueros, M. Unger, R. Uzeiroska-Geyik, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Igor Vaiman, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, Laura Valore, P. van Dillen, Enrique Varela, V. Vašíčková, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, Darko Veberič, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, Stef Verpoest, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, S. Vorobiov, J.B. Vuta, C. Watanabe, Alan Watson, Andreas Weindl, Melanie Weitz, Lawrence Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, Brian Wundheiler, B. B. Yue, Alexey Yushkov, E. Zas, Danilo Zavrtanik, Marko Zavrtanik · 发表于：Journal of Instrumentation · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1088/1748-0221/21/06/p06040 · 研究领域：Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing、Astronomy and Astrophysical Research、Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies

Abstract This paper presents the results of an optical performance monitoring campaign for the primary mirrors installed in fluorescence telescopes at the Coihueco and Loma Amarilla sites at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. Since the end of 2003, this effort has developed into a unique long-term dataset that addresses the performance of the primary mirrors. We have focused on the scattering characteristics and specular reflectance of mirror segments, as well as their evolution over several years of operation. Despite being housed in climate-controlled buildings, dust accumulation, impurities, and natural aging — such as oxidation or other chemical or physical degradation processes — gradually deteriorate the specular reflectivity of the mirror segments. In this paper, we summarize data collected over eight years of fluorescence telescope operation since the last major cleaning in autumn 2016. During this period, periodic in situ measurements were performed of scattering characteristics using two techniques: (1) specular and diffuse reflectance measurements at a wavelength of 670 nm using a portable scatterometer, and (2) spectral reflectance measurements in the range from 300 nm to 700 nm using an integrating sphere and a spectrometer. This study builds upon a previous monitoring campaign conducted between 2012 and 2017. The measurements show that the primary mirrors remain in acceptable condition after more than 20 years of operation.