Salmonella Infections: Global Trends and Emerging Challenges

作者：Adishi Ranjan, Mahek Chandna, Nicole J. Stevens, Jana Kandil, Brianna Dinh, Macy Kuhn, Noor Mian, Bach Xuan Tran, Abdullah Hamid, Peter Kim, Taseen S. Desin · 发表于：Microorganisms · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.3390/microorganisms14040816 · 被引用次数：6 · 研究领域：Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology、Vibrio bacteria research studies、Burkholderia infections and melioidosis

Salmonella remains a leading cause of foodborne illness worldwide, with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) responsible for an estimated 93.8 million infections and substantial global morbidity and mortality. This review synthesizes current evidence on the epidemiology, molecular pathogenesis, and prevention of both typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella, with emphasis on emerging challenges in disease control. We highlight key virulence mechanisms, including Salmonella pathogenicity islands and Type III secretion systems, that mediate host cell invasion, intracellular survival, and immune modulation, alongside differences in host adaptation, reservoirs, and clinical outcomes between major serotypes. Epidemiological synthesis demonstrates marked geographic variability in disease burden, driven by underreporting, limited diagnostic capacity, and social determinants of health, with particularly high mortality from invasive NTS (iNTS) disease in sub-Saharan Africa. This review further identifies major challenges, including the global rise of multidrug-resistant Salmonella lineages, the emergence of high-risk serotypes such as monophasic S. Typhimurium and S. Infantis, and the increasing complexity of transmission across the farm-to-fork continuum. While advances in whole genome sequencing and integrated surveillance platforms (e.g., PulseNet and GenomeTrakr) have improved outbreak detection and source attribution, gaps in cross-sector coordination persist. Collectively, the evidence u...