Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study

作者：GBD 2023 IHD & Dietary Risk Factors Collaborators, Sooji Lee, Hayeon Lee, Yejun Son, Jae Il Shin, Hasan Aalruz, Yohannes Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Nasir Abbas, Elahe Abbaspour, Hedayat Abbastabar, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Parsa Abdi, Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, AS Abdullahi, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Shady Abohashem, L. G. Abreu, Dariush Abtahi, Aminu Kende Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Hana J Abukhadijah, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oladimeji Muritala Adebayo, Kamoru A. Adedokun, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, K. R. Adhikari, Usha Adiga, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi, Arya Afrooghe, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Prerna Agarwal, Feleke Doyore Agide, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, M Ahmed, Mushood Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Marjan Ajami, Budi Aji, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Alaa Al Amiry, Salah Al Awaidy, Mohammad Al Qadire, Tariq A. Alalwan, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Khalifah A Aldawsari, Wafa Ali Aldhaleei, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Abid Ali, Akhtar Ali, Endale Alemayehu Ali, Mohammed K. Ali, Mohammed K. Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Waad Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Ahmad Alkhatib, Sabah Al-Marwani, Mohmmad Minwer Alnaeem, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Saleh A. Alqahtani, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Mohammed Alsabri, Wafa Mohammed Alseragi, Zaid Altaany, Awais Altaf, Nelson Rafael el Alvis-Guzmán, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al-wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Safwat Aly, Mohammad S. Alyahya, Karem H. Alzoubi, Masoud Aman Mohammadi, R Amani, Adeladza Kofi Amegah, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Abhishek Anil, Rockson Ansong, Saeid Anvari, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Demelash Areda, Benedetta Armocida, Johan Ärnlöv, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Javed Ashraf, Tahira Ashraf, Bernard Kwadwo Yeboah Asiamah-Asare, Amir Askarinejad, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Lemessa Assefa A Ayana, Masood Azhar, Shahkaar Aziz, Hossein Azizian, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Domenico Azzolino, Gayathri B, Giridhara R. 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Beyene, Kebede Beyene, Ajeet Singh Bhadoria, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ravi Bharadwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Rajbir Singh Bhatti, Cem Bilgin, Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan, Bijit Biswas, Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni, Archith Boloor, Sri Harsha Boppana, Hamed Borhany, Jyoti Brahmaiah, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Bräuer, Hermann Brenner, Gabrielle B. Britton, Raffaele Bugiardini, Norma B. Bulamu, Lemma N Bulto, Katrin Burkart, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A. Butt, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos-Nonato, Angelo Capodici, Fabíola Carvalho, M. T. de M. Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alberico L. 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Criqui, Natalia Cruz-Martins, Xiaolin Cui, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Nour Dababo, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D’Amico, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Saswati Das, Ana Maria Dascalu, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Cornelius Dassah, Kairat Davletov, Cristian Del Bo’, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Ismail Dergaa, Emina Dervišević, Aragaw Tesfaw Desale, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Devananda Devegowda, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Kuldeep Dhama, Meghnath Dhimal, Marcello Di Pumpo, Adriana Dima, T. M. Phuong, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Saeid Doaei, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Sushil Dohare, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Viola Savy Dsouza, Bruce B. Duncan, André Rodrigues Durães, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E’mar, Alireza Ebrahimi, Foolad Eghbali, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Rabie Adel El Arab, Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy, Iman El Sayed, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, I S L A M Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Ashraf A. El-Metwally, Adel B. Elmoselhi, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Chadi Eltaha, Theophilus I. Emeto, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Maysa Eslami, Juan Espinosa-Montero, F. Etaee, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Ibtihal Fadhil, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Luca Falzone, Seyed Nooreddin Faraji, Mohammad Fareed, Jacopo Farina, Sara Farina, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Hossein Farrokhpour, Timur Fazylov, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoqi Feng, Rodrigo Fernandez-Jimenez, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Florian Fischer, Morẹ́nikẹ́ Oluwátóyìn Foláyan, Daniela Fortuna, Matteo Foschi, Maryam Fotouhi, Amin Fraij, Sridevi G, Péter Gaál, Muktar A. Gadanya, Prof Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Yaseen Galali, Silvano Gallus, Wendy Espinoza, Rupesh K. Gautam, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Lemma Getacher, Molla Getie, Delaram J. 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Harlianto, Josep Maria Haro, Eka Mishbahatul Marah Has, Hamidreza Hasani, Reza Hashempour, Mohammad Hashem Hashempur, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Ikrama Hassan, Nageeb Hassan, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Youssef Hbid, Jiawei He, Qiang He, Jeffrey Hebert, Golnaz Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Yuta Hiraike, Mai Anh Hoang, Ramesh Holla, Md Belal Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Javid Hussain, Hong-Han Huynh, Ramzi Ibrahim, Umar Idris Ibrahim, Anel Ibrayeva, Nayu Ikeda, Adalia Ikiroma, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M. Ilic, Milena Ilić, Mohammad Tarique Imam, Mustapha Immurana, Arit Inok, Muhammad Iqhrammullah, Benni Iskandar, Md. Rabiul Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, H Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, M. S. Karthikeyan Iyer, Vinothini J, Louis Jacob, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Nader Jahanmehr, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Mohamed Jalloh, Safayet Jamil, Talha Jawaid, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Shubha Jayaram, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Felix Jebasingh, Gwang Hun Jeong, Bijay Mukesh Jeswani, Anil Kumar Jha, Zixiang Ji, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B. Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Malik E. Juweid, Anupam Jyoti, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Ashish Kumar Kakkar, Sanjay Kalra, Ashwin Kamath, Ramat T. Kamorudeen, Samuel Berchi Kankam, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Efstratios Karagiannidis, Paschalis Karakasis, Aliasghar Karimi, Yeganeh Karimi, Sahand Karimzadhagh, Faizan Kashoo, Hengameh Kasraei, Joonas H. Kauppila, Gbenga A Kayode, Sina Kazemian, Shemsu Kedir, Tibebeselassie Seyoum Keflie, Jaimon T. Kelly, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Mohammad Keykhaei, Inn Kynn Khaing, Himanshu Khajuria, Nauman Khalid, Alireza Khalilian, Mohammad Khammarnia, Ajmal Khan, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, M. Nuruzzaman Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Muhammad Umair Khan, Vishnu Khanal, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Sorour Khateri, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Atulya Aman Khosla, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kısa, Mika Kivimäki, Shivakumar KM, Michail Kokkorakis, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Oleksii Korzh, Soewarta Kosen, Karel Kostev, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Barthélémy Kuate Defo, Burcu Küçük Biçer, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Ashish Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Shiv Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Setor K. Kunutsor, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Asep Kusnali, Diana Kusuma, Ville Kytö, Carlo La Vecchia, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Tea Lallukka, J. Lam, Kamaluddin Latief, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao T. Le, Caterina Ledda, Ivan Lee, P J Lee, Seung Won Lee, Vasileios Leivaditis, An Li, Jiaying Li, Ming‐Chieh Li, Wei Li, Virendra S Ligade, Lay-Har Lim, Stephen S Lim, Jialing Lin, Ro‐Ting Lin, Daniel Lindholm, Liu Liu, Xuefeng Liu, José Francisco López-Gil, Stefan Lorkowski, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Alessandra Lugo, Lei Lv, Zheng Feei, Mahmoud Mabrok, Alireza Mafi, Azzam A. Maghazachi, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Elham Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Abdelrahman M. Makram, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, A. A. Mamun, Yosef Manla, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, Sajid Maqsood, Bishnu P. Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Basma Hamed Marghani, Mirko Marino, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Daniela Martini, Miquel Martorell, Winfried März, Sammer Marzouk, Soroush Masrouri, M. S. Mathur, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mathur, Rita Mattiello, Andrea Maugeri, Mohsen Mazidi, Martin McKee, JagdishP Meena, Elahe Meftah, Asim Mehmood, Rahul Mehra, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Yohannes Adama Melaku, Hadush Negash Meles, Max Mendez-Lopez, Ritesh G. Menezes, Alexios‐Fotios A. Mentis, Sultan A. Meo, Tomislav Meštrović, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michałek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogu Sá, Ted R. Miller, Giuseppe Minervini, G.K. Mini, Mojgan Mirghafourvand, Prof Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Gabriele Mocciaro, Yidnek Mogessie, Mona Gamal Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Ibrahim Mohammadzadeh, Shafiu Mohammed, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Sara Montazeri Namin, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Yousef Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Paula Moraga, Negar Morovatdar, Elias Mossialos, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Sumaira Mubarik, Admir Mulita, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Efren Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J. L Murray, Sani Musa, Ghulam Mustafa, Woojae Myung, Ayoub Nafei, Ganesh R. Naik, Firzan Nainu, Soroush Najdaghi, Gopal Nambi, Dhairya Nanavaty, Kannothu Thazha Kuni Nandu, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Shumaila Nargus, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Ali Nasrollahizadeh, Amir Nasrollahizadeh, Mahmoud Nassar, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna, Nawsherwan NA, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Masoud Negahdary, Ionuţ Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Omid Nekouei, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Dang Nguyen, V. M. H. NGUYEN, Robina Khan Niazi, Ali Nikoobar, Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Vikram Niranjan, Shuhei Nomura, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Mehran Nouri, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Mpiko Ntsekhe, F. Nugen, AQSHA NUR, Dieta Nurrika, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, O. J. NZOPUTAM, Bogdan Oancea, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun, James Odhiambo Oguta, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Hassan Okati-aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Patrick Godwin Okwute, Andrew T Olagunju, Oladotun Victor Olalusi, Arão Belitardo Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Oluseye Oludoye, Hany A. Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Sok King Ong, Michał Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Abdu Oumer, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Mahesh P. 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Ramadan, Chitra Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Kamleshun Ramphul, Kritika Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Nemanja Rančić, Mithun Rao, Sina Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, M. L. S. RODRIGUES, Thales Philipe Rodrigues da Silva, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Kevin T. Root, Allen Guy Patrick Ross, Nitai Roy, Papai Roy, Simanta Roy, Michele Russo, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Aly M A Saad, Maha Saber-Ayad, Cameron Sabet, Leila Sabzmakan, Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Sher Zaman Safi, Dominic Sagoe, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, S. K. Sahoo, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Luciane Bresciani Salaroli, Samreen Saleem, M. A. A. A. Saleh., Saad Samargandy, Waqas Sami, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Itamar Souza Santos, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, T. Sarkar, Gargi S. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Arash Sarveazad, Monika Sawhney, Juhi Saxena, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Abu Sayeed, Md Abu Sayeed, Chrıstophe Schınckus, Maria Inês Schmidt, Austin E Schumacher, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Falk Schwendicke, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sg Sepanlou, Dragoş Şerban, Yashendra Sethi, Soko Setoguchi, Allen Seylani, Abubakar Sha’aban, Mahan Shafie, Muhammad Shahab, Saeed Shahabi, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh, Sunder Sham, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Mohd Shanawaz, Xian Shao, Sadaf Sharfaei, Amin Sharifan, Manoj Kumar Sharma, U. Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Somia Shehzadi, Rekha Raghuveer Shenoy, Pavanchand H Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Suraj S. Shetty, Wenming Shi, Rahman Shiri, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, Fereshteh Shokri, Sina Shool, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Kerem Shuval, Yafei Si, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Mario Siervo, Mithun Sikdar, L. A. Silva, Abhinav Singh, Aditya Singh, Baljinder Singh, Bhim Pratap Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Jasvinder A. Singh, Kalpana Singh, LC Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Pushplata Singh, Rohit Singh, Surjit Singh, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sameh S. M Soliman, Ola Soudah, Michael Spartalis, Bahadar S. Srichawla, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Peter Stubbs, Narayan Subedi, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman, Jing Sun, Johan Sundström, Dev Ram Sunuwar, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Sree Sudha T Y, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Shima Tabatabai, Celine Tabche, Mohammad Tabish, Jyothi Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M. Talaat, Mircea Tampa, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Haosu Tang, Nathan Y Tat, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Ramna Thakur, Pugazhenthan Thangaraju, L. Thangavelu, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rajshree Thapa, Rekha Thapar, Rasiah Thayakaran, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Kant Tiwari, Sojit Tomo, Marcello Tonelli, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani‐Palone, Khaled Trabelsi, Nghia Minh Tran, Quynh Thuy Huong Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Domenico Tricò, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Muhammad Umair, Dinesh Upadhya, Era Upadhyay, Dipan Uppal, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Shoban Babu Varthya, Prof Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Madhur Verma, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Dominique Vervoort, Manish Vinayak, Loc Tri Vu, Isidora S Vujcic, Yasir Waheed, X. F. Wang, X. F. Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Mary Njeri Wanjau, Ahmed Bilal Waqar, Toyiba Hiyaru Wassie, Andrea Werdecker, Anggi Lukman Wicaksana, Dakshitha Praneeth Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Peter Willeit, Marcin W. Wojewodzic, Tewodros Eshete Wonde, Felicia Wu, Z. Wu, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Wanqing Xie, Suowen Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Galal Yahya, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Yuichiro Yano, Habib Yaribeygi, Yuichi Yasufuku, Pengpeng Ye, Subah Abderehim Yesuf, Dehui Yin, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mohammed Youssef, Chuanhua Yu, Aurora Zanghì, Mohammed Zawiah, Mohammed G. M Zeariya, Salih M Mustafa Salih Zebari, Casper J. P. Zhang, Liqun Zhang, Yunquan Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Anthony Zhong, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Shuduo Zhou, Xiao-Dong Zhou, Bin Zhu, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Magdalena Zielińska, Ghazal Zoghi, Zhiyong Zou, Sa’ed H. Zyoud, Ali H. Mokdad, Min Seo Kim, Dong Keon Yon · 发表于：Nature Medicine · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1038/s41591-026-04250-8 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Nutritional Studies and Diet、Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact、Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors