Sex and All-Cause Mortality in the US, 1999 to 2018

作者：Julia M. Francis, Barry I. Graubard, Hormuzd A. Katki, Sarah S. Jackson · 发表于：JAMA Network Open · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.56299 · 被引用次数：5 · 研究领域：Sex and Gender in Healthcare、Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences、Health disparities and outcomes

Importance: While life expectancy in the US has increased among both sexes, a significant sex gap in mortality has been consistently observed during the past 2 decades. Objective: To examine differences in mortality rates between males and females for overall mortality and the leading 9 causes of mortality (coded by the National Death Index as diseases of the heart, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases, unintentional injuries, cerebrovascular diseases, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, influenza and pneumonia, and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis). Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study included adults 20 years or older participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycles between 1999 and 2016. Data were linked to the National Death Index from the date of survey participation through December 31, 2019. Data were analyzed from July 16, 2024, to August 14, 2025. Exposure: Participation in the 1999-2016 NHANES cycles. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate male-to-female hazard ratios (MF HR) for overall and cause-specific mortality, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics (eg, age, race and ethnicity), behavioral factors (eg, smoking, alcohol use), and chronic conditions (eg, diabetes, hypertension). The adjusted MF HRs were stratified by self-rated health, race and ethnicity, income, and educational level. Results: Among 47 056 participants ...