Mapping Paddy Rice Distribution and Cropping Intensity in South and Southeast Asia (1995–2024) at 30 m Resolution

作者：Zizhang Zhao, Geli Zhang, Jinwei Dong, Jilin Yang, Xiangming Xiao · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.5194/essd-2025-711 · 被引用次数：2 · 研究领域：Remote Sensing in Agriculture、Remote-Sensing Image Classification、Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement

Abstract. South and Southeast Asia, a major global hub for paddy rice cultivation, exhibits the highest rice cropping intensity worldwide due to its favourable hydrothermal conditions, and also has experienced considerable spatiotemporal changes due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. However, the absence of long-term spatial distribution and cropping intensity of paddy rice hinders effective agricultural and environmental management. This gap is particularly critical especially in the 21st century, with enhanced impacts from changing climate, water resources, and food trade pattern. Using all the available Landsat and Sentinel-2 archives, we refined a phenology-based algorithm to generate 30-m rice maps and cropping intensity across South and Southeast Asia for the years 1995, 2005, 2015, and 2024. The algorithm overcomes the challenge of detecting rice cropping intensity in long time-series and comprises three core steps: (1) identifying pixel-level rice phenological peaks using an enhanced peak detection method, thereby defining potential transplanting windows and minimizing monsoon-induced cloud and precipitation interference; (2) detecting paddy flooding signals and delineating rice cultivation areas based on phenological rules derived from the relationship between the Land Surface Water Index (LSWI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI); (3) determining rice cropping intensity according to the number of valid crop peaks and associated flooding signals within a...