Systematic study of Panaeolus (Agaricales, Galeropsidaceae) sensu lato and psilocybin-producing traits of species from China

作者：Mao-Qiang He, Wen-Qiang Yang, Dorji Phurbu, Fei Liu, Jiaxin Li, Bin Cao, Rui-Lin Zhao · 发表于：IMA Fungus · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.3897/imafungus.17.167329 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Interactions、Fungal Biology and Applications、Psychedelics and Drug Studies

Panaeolus sensu lato is a group of hallucinogenic mushrooms commonly found on dung, in pasture areas, grasslands, and forests. Previous studies indicated that the Panaeolus s.l. clade (panaeo-clade) could be ranked as a family ( Galeropsidaceae ), pending further evidence. In this study, based on phylogenomic, multigene phylogenetic, molecular clock, and morphological analyses, the panaeo-clade is demonstrated to be a distinct family, separate from Bolbitiaceae . The taxonomic system of Galeropsidaceae is revised. The genera accepted in Galeropsidaceae are Panaeolus and Staktophyllus , whereas Crucispora and Panaeolopsis are synonymized under Panaeolus . Three subgenera are accepted in Panaeolus : subg. Bresadolomyces, subg. Panaeolina, and subg. Panaeolus. Subgenus Bresadolomyces is roughly equivalent to the traditional circumscription of subg. Copelandia but is extended to include species formerly placed in Crucispora . Subgenus Panaeolina comprises most species from China and Anellaria-like species. Subgenus Panaeolus mainly comprises the P. papilionaceus species complex and a western Asian clade represented by P. punjabensis . In this study, one new subgenus and eight new species are proposed. Species from China are documented with descriptions, photographs, and illustrations. Additionally, the psilocybin-producing traits of 14 species were tested using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Two species are confirmed to possess psilocyb...