Mapping the secondary response to traumatic brain injury using spatial transcriptomics shows acute 4-aminopyridine treatment mitigates axonal and molecular pathology

作者：Genevieve M. Sullivan, Kryslaine L. Radomski, Shaoqiu He, Matthew D. Wilkerson, Clifton L. Dalgard, Camille Alba, Xiaomei Zi, Martin Doughty, Regina C. Armstrong · 发表于：Acta Neuropathologica Communications · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1186/s40478-025-02219-1 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances、Traumatic Brain Injury Research、S100 Proteins and Annexins

Damage to long myelinated axons of white matter tracts is a hallmark pathology resulting from traumatic brain injury (TBI) forces and secondary injury processes. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is an FDA-approved Kv1 potassium channel inhibitor designed to mitigate axon dysfunction. We examined repurposing 4-AP as an acute TBI treatment using clinically-oriented neuropathology of axon damage combined with unbiased genome-wide spatial transcriptomics for comprehensive analysis of secondary injury processes. Adult male and female mice received a non-penetrating impact TBI with 4-AP (i.p., b.i.d) on days 1-7 post-injury. Along corpus callosum (CC) axons, TBI disrupted node of Ranvier domains, exposing the putative 4-AP target of mislocalized Kv1 channels (p < 0.005). Clinically reasonable 4-AP dosing (0.5 mg/kg) reduced nodal Nav1.6 channel loss (p < 0.05) and Caspr heminode formation (p < 0.005) after injury. Quantification of β-amyloid precursor protein immunolabeling showed significantly reduced CC axon damage at 4-AP doses of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg (each p < 0.005). 4-AP safety, based on potential seizure risk after TBI, was unaltered with vehicle or 0.5 mg/kg 4-AP, while the 5 mg/kg dose induced seizure behavior in sham and TBI groups (p < 0.0001). Spatial transcriptomics mapped molecular signatures to tissue pathology. TBI increased axonal injury response genes in the CC and in motor and somatosensory cortex sites of CC projection neurons. TBI induced disease-associated glial phenot...