Microscopic Deterioration Mechanism and Different Reinforcement Methods of Concrete Under Freeze–Thaw Environment: A Review

作者：Wenlong Niu, Tiesheng Dou, Meng Li, Shifa Xia · 发表于：Processes · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3390/pr13124064 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Concrete and Cement Materials Research、Innovative concrete reinforcement materials、Concrete Properties and Behavior

In cold regions, concrete is inevitably subjected to freeze–thaw (F–T) damage, where repeated water–ice phase transitions progressively erode its microstructure and shorten its service life. Compared with the abundant research focusing on macroscopic performance degradation, systematic summaries addressing the microstructural evolution of pores, cracks, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ), as well as corresponding prevention measures, remain limited. This paper reviews studies from 2013 to 2025, outlining key deterioration mechanisms under F–T action, including pore coarsening, ITZ weakening, and microcrack propagation. Four frost resistance enhancement strategies are compared: introducing stable microbubbles, refining the pore structure with pozzolanic or nano admixtures, bridging cracks with fibers, and applying hydrophobic treatments to block water ingress. The findings indicate that combining multiple measures yields superior frost resistance. By integrating microstructural observations with engineering improvement approaches, this review provides a holistic perspective for the design of durable concrete in cold regions and highlights the need for further research on multi-factor coupling mechanisms, optimization of composite admixture systems, and the functional mechanisms of novel nanomaterials.