Long-term calibration and validation of stability of the Auger Engineering Radio Array using the diffuse Galactic radio emission

作者：Adila Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Antonio Ambrosone, Juan Ammerman Yebra, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, Luciana Andrade Dourado, L. Apollonio, C. Aramo, E. Arnone, J.C. Arteaga Velázquez, Pedro Assis, Gualberto Avila, E. Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Y. Balibrea, Anastasia Yurevna Baluta, F. Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, J. P. Behler, C. Bérat, Mario Edoardo Bertaina, Marta Bianciotto, Peter L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, K. Bismark, Teresa Bister, Jonathan Biteau, Jiří Blažek, J. Blümer, M. Boháčová, Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Nataliia Borodai, J. Brack, P. G. Brichetto Orquera, Andrew Bueno, S. Buitink, M. Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, Karen Salomé Caballero-Mora, S. Cabana-Freire, L. Caccianiga, Jorge Caraça-Valente, Rossella Caruso, A. Castellina, F. Catalani, G. Cataldi, L. Cazon, M. Cerda, Berenika Čermáková, A. Cermenati, K. Černý, J.A. Chinellato, Jiří Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, A.C. Cobos Cerutti, R. Colalillo, Ricardo Conceição, G. Consolati, Matteo Conte, Fabio Convenga, Diego Correia dos Santos, Pedro J. Costa, Corbin E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, Carlo Salvattore Cruz Sanchez, Sergio Dasso, K. Daumiller, Bruce R. Dawson, Rogerio Menezes de Almeida, E.-T. de Boone, Beatriz de Errico, J. de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, J.R.T. de Mello Neto, I. De Mitri, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, F. de Palma, V. de Souza, E. De Vito, A. Del Popolo, Olivier Deligny, Nikolas Denner, Karolina Syrokvas, L. Deval, A. di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D’Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Y. Dominguez Ballesteros, Q. Dorosti, R. C. dos Anjos, Jan Ebr, Fiona H. Ellwanger, R. Engel, I. Epicoco, Martin Erdmann, A. Etchegoyen, Carmelo Evoli, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, Anderson Campos Fauth, Tim Fehler, F. Feldbusch, Alexandra Cauduro Ponso Fernandes, Mirian Fernández Alonso, B. Fick, Juan Manuel Figueira, Peter Filip, A. Filipčič, T. Fitoussi, Benjamin Flaggs, Antonio Franco, M. Freitas, Toshihiro Fujii, A. Fuster, C. Galea, Beatriz Eugenia Silva y Rodríguez García, Chloé Gaudu, P.L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, Christian Gläser, F. Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup, Primo F. Gómez Vitale, J.P. Gongora, J.M. González, Nicolás Martín González, Dariusz Gora, A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik, Fausto Guarino, G.P. Guedes, Yuset Guerra, Lukas Gülzow, Steffen Hahn, Petr Hamal, Matías Rolf Hampel, P. Hansen, V.M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J.R. Hörandel, Pavel Horváth, M. Hrabovský, T. Huege, A. Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, Mohamed Ismaiel, P. Janeček, Vlastimil Jílek, K.‐H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, A. Khakurdikar, V.V. Kizakke Covilakam, H.O. Klages, M. Kleifges, Jorgen Kohler, F. Krieger, Margita Kubátová, N. Kunka, Bruno L. Lago, N. Langner, Nicolas Leal, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira, Yago Lema-Capeans, Antoine Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Luis LOPES, Jon Paul Lundquist, M. Mallamaci, Salvatore Mancuso, Dušan Mandát, Paul M. Mantsch, Analisa Gabriela Mariazzi, Ioana Codrina Mariş, G. Marsella, Donald V. Martello, S. Martinelli, O. Martínez Bravo, Miguel A. Martins, H.J. Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, S. Mayotte, P.O. Mazur, G. Medina-Tanco, Jill L. Meinert, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, Carmen Merx, S. Michal, María Isabel Micheletti, L. Miramonti, Megha Mogarkar, S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, Leonel Morejón, K. Mulrey, R. Mussa, W.M. Namasaka, S. Negi, Lukas Nellen, Khoa Nguyen, G. Nicora, Marcus Niechciol, D. Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, A. Novikov, Vladimír Novotný, Libor Nozka, Achille A. Nucita, Luis Alberto Nuñez, Sebastián E. Nuza, José Ochoa, Marcos Olegario, Cláudia Gonçalves de Oliveira, L. Östman, M. Palatka, J. Pallotta, Subhash Chandra Panja, G. Parente, Torgeir Paulsen, J. Pawlowsky, M. Pech, J. Pȩkala, R. Pelayo, Vincent Pelgrims, Edyvânia Emily Pereira Martins, Carmina Pérez Bertolli, L. Perrone, S. Petrera, C. Petrucci, T. Pierog, Mário João Martins Pimenta, B. Pont, Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar, P. Privitera, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Prouza, K. Pytel, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, João Vítor Reginatto Akim, Alex Reuzki, Jan Ridky, F. Riehn, M. Risse, V. Rizi, Eloy Rodríguez, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, Juan Rojo, S. Rossoni, M. Roth, E. Roulet, A.C. Rovero, A. Saftoiu, M. Saharan, Francesco Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, P. Sampathkumar, Nicolas San Martin, Jose Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, F. Rodríguez, E. Santos, Fred Sarazin, Raul Sarmento, R. Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, Martin Schimassek, M. Schimp, D. Schmidt, Olaf Scholten, H. Schoorlemmer, P. Schovánek, Frank Schröder, J. Schulte, T. Schulz, Sergio J Sciutto, Marina Scornavacche, Adrian Sedoski, S. Sehgal, S.U. Shivashankara, Günter Sigl, Katarína Simkova, Frank Simon, Radomir Šmída, Sarah Soares Sippert, Paul Sommers, R. Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, S. Stanič, Jarosław Stasielak, P. Stassi, S. Strähnz, M. Straub, T. Suomijärvi, A.D. Supanitsky, Zuzana Svozilikova, Z. Szadkowski, Fedor Tairli, Matteo Tambone, A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans, Olena Tkachenko, P. Tobiska, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, Bernardo Tome, A. Travaini, P. Trávnı́ček, C. Trimarelli, M. Tueros, M. Unger, Rukije Uzeiroska, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Igor Vaiman, Jose F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, Pim van Dillen, Enrique Varela, V. Vašíčková, Adriana Vásquez-Ramírez, D. Veberič, Indira D. Vergara Quispe, Stef Verpoest, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, S. Vorobiov, J.B. Vuta, C. Watanabe, Alan A. Watson, A. Weindl, Martin Weitz, L. Wiencke, Henryk Wilczyński, B. Wundheiler, B. B. Yue, A. Yushkov, E. Zas, Danilo Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik · 发表于：Journal of Instrumentation · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1088/1748-0221/20/12/p12017 · 被引用次数：2 · 研究领域：Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology、Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae

Abstract The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) measures radio emission from high-energy extensive air showers. Consisting of 153 autonomous radio-detector stations spread over 17 km^2, it detects radio waves in the frequency range of 30 to 80 MHz. Accurate characterization of the detector response is crucial for proper interpretation of the collected data. Previously, this was achieved through laboratory measurements of the analog chain and simulations and measurements of the antenna's directional response. In this paper, we perform an absolute calibration using the continuously monitored sidereal modulation of the diffuse Galactic radio emission. Calibration is done by comparing the average frequency spectra recorded by the stations with predictions from seven different models of the full radio sky, accounting for the system response, which includes the antenna, filters, and amplifiers. The analysis of the calibration constants over a period of seven years shows no relevant and no significant ageing effect in the AERA antennas. This result confirms the long-term stability of the detector stations and demonstrates the possibility for a radio detector to effectively monitor ageing effects of other detectors operating over extended periods.