Long-term calibration and validation of stability of the Auger Engineering Radio Array using the diffuse Galactic radio emission

作者：The Pierre Auger Collaboration, A. Abdul Halim, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Allekotte, Kévin Almeida Cheminant, Roberto Aloisio, Jaime Álvarez-Muñiz, Antonio Ambrosone, Juan Ammerman Yebra, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, Luciana Andrade Dourado, L. Apollonio, C. Aramo, E. Arnone, J. C. Arteaga Velázquez, P. Assis, G. Avila, Emanuele Avocone, Alena Bakalová, Y. Balibrea, Anastasia Yurevna Baluta, F. Barbato, Adriel Bartz Mocellin, J. P. Behler, C. Berat, M. E. Bertaina, Marta Bianciotto, P. L. Biermann, Virginia Binet, Kathrin Bismark, Teresa Bister, J. Biteau, Jiří Blažek, J. Blümer, Boháčová, M., Denise Boncioli, C. Bonifazi, Nataliia Borodai, J. Brack, P. G. Brichetto Orquera, A. Bueno, S. Buitink, M. Büsken, Anthony Bwembya, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, Sergio Cabana-Freire, Lorenzo Caccianiga, Jorge Caraça-Valente, R. Caruso, A. Castellina, Fernando Catalani, G. Cataldi, Lorenzo Cazon, M. Cerda, Berenika Čermáková, A. Cermenati, K. Černý, J. A. Chinellato, J. Chudoba, L. Chytka, R. W. Clay, A. C. Cobos Cerutti, R. Colalillo, Ricardo Conceição, Giovanni Consolati, Matteo Conte, Fabio Convenga, D. Correia dos Santos, Paulo J. Costa, C. E. Covault, M. Cristinziani, C. S. Cruz Sanchez, S. Dasso, K. Daumiller, B. R. Dawson, R. M. de Almeida, E.-T. de Boone, Beatriz de Errico, J. de Jesús, S. J. de Jong, Neto, J. R. T. de Mello, I. De Mitri, Danelise de Oliveira Franco, de Palma, F., V. de Souza, E. De Vito, Antonino Del Popolo, O. Deligny, N. Denner, Karolina Syrokvas, L. Deval, A. di Matteo, C. Dobrigkeit, J. C. D'Olivo, Luis Miguel Domingues Mendes, Y. Dominguez Ballesteros, Qader Dorosti, R. C. dos Anjos, Jan Ebr, Fiona H. Ellwanger, R. Engel, I. Epicoco, M. Erdmann, A. Etchegoyen, Carmelo Evoli, H. Falcke, G. Farrar, A. C. Fauth, Tim Fehler, F. Feldbusch, Alexandra Fernandes, Mirian Fernández Alonso, Brian Fick, J. M. Figueira, P. Filip, A. Filipčič, T. Fitoussi, Benjamin Flaggs, Antonio Franco, M. Freitas, T. Fujii, A. Fuster, Cristina Galea, B. Garćıa, Chloé Gaudu, P. L. Ghia, U. Giaccari, Christian Gläser, Fabian Gobbi, F. Gollan, G. Golup, P. F. Gómez Vitale, Gongora, J. P., J. M. González, N. González, D. Góra, A. Gorgi, M. Gottowik, F. Guarino, G. P. Guedes, Y. Guerra, Lukas Gülzow, S. Hahn, P. Hamal, M. R. Hampel, Patricia María Hansen, V. M. Harvey, A. Haungs, T. Hebbeker, C. Hojvat, J. R. Hörandel, Pavel Horváth, M. Hrabovský, T Huege, A. Insolia, Paula Gina Isar, Mohamed Ismaiel, Petr Janeček, Vlastimil Jílek, K.‐H. Kampert, B. Keilhauer, A. Khakurdikar, Varada Varma Kizakke Covilakam, H. O. Klages, M. Kleifges, J. Köhler, F. Krieger, Margita Kubátová, N. Kunka, B. L. Lago, N. Langner, Nicolas Leal, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, Yago Lema-Capeans, A. Letessier-Selvon, I. Lhenry-Yvon, L. Lopes, J. P. Lundquist, M. Mallamaci, Salvatore Mancuso, Dušan Mandát, P. Mantsch, A. G. Mariazzi, Ioana Codrina Mariş, G. Marsella, D. Martello, Sara Martinelli, Bravo, O. Martínez, Miguel A. Martins, H.-J. Mathes, J. Matthews, G. Matthiae, Eric William Mayotte, Sonja Mayotte, P. O. Mazur, Gustavo Medina‐Tanco, Janning Meinert, D. Melo, A. Menshikov, Carmen Merx, S. Michal, M. I. Micheletti, L. Miramonti, Megha Mogarkar, S. Mollerach, F. Montanet, Leonel Morejón, Katharine Mulrey, R. Mussa, W. M. Namasaka, Shubham Negi, L. Nellen, K. Nguyen, G. Nicora, Marcus Niechciol, D. Nitz, Dalibor Nosek, Alexander Novikov, V. Novotny, L. Nožka, A. Nucita, Luis A. Núñez, Sebastián E. Nuza, José Ochoa, Marcos Olegario, Cainã de Oliveira, L. Östman, M. Palatka, Juan Pallotta, Subhasis Panja, G. Parente, T. Paulsen, J. Pawlowsky, M. Pech, Jan Pękala, R. Pelayo, Vincent Pelgrims, E. E. Pereira Martins, C. Pérez Bertolli, L. Perrone, S. Petrera, C. Petrucci, T. Pierog, M. Pimenta, B. Pont, Mohsen Pourmohammad Shahvar, Paolo Privitera, Chaitanya Priyadarshi, M. Prouza, Krzysztof Pytel, S. Querchfeld, J. Rautenberg, D. Ravignani, João Vítor Reginatto Akim, Alex Reuzki, J. Ridky, Felix Riehn, M. Risse, V. Rizi, E. Rodriguez, Fernandez, G. Rodriguez, J. Rodriguez Rojo, Simone Rossoni, M. Roth, E. Roulet, A. C. Rovero, A. Saftoiu, M. Saharan, F. Salamida, H. Salazar, G. Salina, P. Sampathkumar, Nicolas San Martin, Jose Sanabria Gomez, F. Sánchez, F. Rodríguez, E. Santos, F. Sarazin, R. Sarmento, R. Sato, Pierpaolo Savina, V. Scherini, H. Schieler, Martin Schimassek, M. Schimp, D. Schmidt, O. Schölten, H. Schoorlemmer, Petr Schovánek, F. G. Schröder, J. Schulte, Tobias Schulz, S. J. Sciutto, M. Scornavacche, Adrian Sedoski, S. Sehgal, S. U. Shivashankara, G. Sigl, Katarína Simkova, F. Simon, Radomir Šmída, Sarah Soares Sippert, P. Sommers, R. Squartini, Maximilian Stadelmaier, S. Stanič, Jarosław Stasielak, P. Stassi, S. Strähnz, M. Straub, T. Suomijärvi, A. D. Supanitsky, Zuzana Svozilikova, Z. Szadkowski, Fedor Tairli, Matteo Tambone, A. Tapia, C. Taricco, C. Timmermans, O. Tkachenko, P. Tobiska, Carlos J. Todero Peixoto, B. Tomé, Andres Travaini, P. Travnicek, C. Trimarelli, Matias Jorge Tueros, M. Unger, Rukije Uzeiroska, Lukáš Vaclavek, Martin Vacula, Igor Vaiman, J. F. Valdés Galicia, L. Valore, Pim van Dillen, Enrique Varela, V. Vašíčková, A. Vásquez-Ramírez, D. Veberič, I. D. Vergara Quispe, Stef Verpoest, V. Verzi, J. Vícha, S. Vorobiov, Vuta, J. B., C. Watanabe, A. A. Watson, A. Weindl, Melanie Weitz, L. Wiencke, H. Wilczyński, B. Wundheiler, Bin Yue, Alexey Yushkov, E. Zas, D. Zavrtanik, M. Zavrtanik · 发表于：arXiv (Cornell University) · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.48550/arxiv.2512.03692 · 研究领域：Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena、Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology、Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) measures radio emission from high-energy extensive air showers. Consisting of 153 autonomous radio-detector stations spread over $17$\,km$^2$, it detects radio waves in the frequency range of $30$ to $80$\,MHz. Accurate characterization of the detector response is crucial for proper interpretation of the collected data. Previously, this was achieved through laboratory measurements of the analog chain and simulations and measurements of the antenna's directional response. In this paper, we perform an absolute calibration using the continuously monitored sidereal modulation of the diffuse Galactic radio emission. Calibration is done by comparing the average frequency spectra recorded by the stations with predictions from seven different models of the full radio sky, accounting for the system response, which includes the antenna, filters, and amplifiers. The analysis of the calibration constants over a period of seven years shows no relevant and no significant ageing effect in the AERA antennas. This result confirms the long-term stability of the detector stations and demonstrates the possibility for a radio detector to effectively monitor ageing effects of other detectors operating over extended periods.