Initial performance results of the JUNO detector*

作者：Angel Abusleme, Thomas Adam, Kai Adamowicz, D. Adey, S. Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, Timo Ahola, S. Aiello, Fengpeng An, Guangpeng An, C. Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, J. P. A. M. de André, Н. Анфимов, V. Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, Burin Asavapibhop, Didier Auguste, M. Buizza Avanzini, Andréj Babič, Jingzhi Bai, Weidong Bai, Nikita Balashov, Roberto Barbera, Andrea Barresi, D. Basilico, E. Baussan, Beatrice Bellantonio, M. Bellato, J.L. Béney, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, E. Bernieri, Nikita Bessonov, David Biaré, D. Bick, Lukas Bieger, S. Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, David Blum, S.C. Blyth, Sara Boarin, Manuel Boehles, Anastasia Bolshakova, M. Bongrand, A. Bonhomme, Clément Bordereau, M. Borghesi, A. Brigatti, Timothée Goubault de Brugière, R. Brugnera, Riccardo Bruno, Jonas Buchholz, A. Budano, Max Buesken, Mario Buscemi, Severino Bussino, José Busto, Ilya Butorov, Marcel Büchner, Anatael Cabrera, Barbara Caccianiga, Boshuai Cai, Hao Cai, Xiao Cai, Yanke Cai, Yi-Zhou Cai, Zhiyan Cai, S. Callier, S. Calvez, Antonio Cammi, Agustín Campeny, Dechang Cai, Chuanya Cao, Dewen Cao, Guofu 国富 Cao 曹, Jun Cao, Yaoqi 尧齐 Cao 曹, R. Caruso, Aurelio Caslini, C. Cerna, Vanessa Cerrone, Daniele Cesini, Chi Kuen Chan, J. F. Chang, Yun Sil Chang, Milo Charavet, Tim Charissé, Auttakit Chatrabhuti, Chao Chen, Guo-Ming Chen, Haitao Chen, Haotian Chen, J. L. Chen, Jian Chen, Jing Chen, Junyou Chen, Lihao Chen, Mali Chen, Mingming Chen, Pingping Chen, Po-An Chen, Quanyou Chen, Shaomin Chen, S. J. Chen, Shiyou Chen, Shiqiang Chen, Sisi Chen, X. Chen, Xuan Chen, Xurong Chen, Yiwen Chen, Yiming Chen, Yixue Chen, Yu Chen, Ze Chen, Zelin Chen, Zhang Chen, Zhangming Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Zhongchang Chen, Zikang Chen, Brian T. Cheng, Jie Cheng, Yaping Cheng, Yu Cheng, Zhaokan Cheng, Alexander Chepurnov, Alexey Chetverikov, Davide Chiesa, P. Chimenti, Yen-Ting Chin, P.-J. Chiu, Po-Lin Chou, Ziliang Chu, A. Chukanov, Neetu Raj Singh Chundawat, Anna Chuvashova, Gérard Claverie, Catia Clementi, B. Clerbaux, Claudio Coletta, Marta Colomer Molla, F. Dal Corso, Daniele Corti, S. Costa, Simon Csakli, Chenyang Cui, Shanshan Cui, Lorenzo Vincenzo D'Auria, Olivia Dalager, Jaydeep Datta, Luca Franco, Jiawei Deng, Zhi Deng, Ziyan 子艳 Deng 邓, Wilfried Depnering, Hanna Didenko, Xiaoyu Ding, Xuefeng Ding, Yayun Ding, Bayu Dirgantara, Carsten Dittrich, Sergey Dmitrievsky, David Doerflinger, Tadeáš Dohnal, M. Dolgareva, Dmitry Dolzhikov, Chuanshi 川石 Dong 董, Haojie Dong, J. Dong, Lan Dong, Damien Dornic, E. Doroshkevich, Wei Dou, M. Dracos, Olivier Drapier, Tobias Drohmann, Frédéric Druillole, Ran Du, Shuxian Du, Yujie Duan, Katherine Dugas, Stefano Dusini, Hongyue Duyang, Martin Dvořák, Jessica Eck, T. Enqvist, Heike Enzmann, Andrea Fabbri, Ulrike Fahrendholz, L. Fajt, Donghua Fan, Lei Fan, Liangqianjin 良前进 Fan 范, Can Fang, J. Fang, Wenxing Fang, Marco Fargetta, E. Stanescu Farilla, Anna Fatkina, L. Favart, Dmitry Fedoseev, Zhengyong Fei, Franz von Feilitzsch, Vladko Fekete, Li-Cheng Feng, Qichun Feng, Shi‐Ting Feng, G. Ferrante, F. Ferraro, Daniela Fetzer, G. Fiorentini, A. Formozov, Marcellin Fotzé, Amélie Fournier, Sabrina Franke, A. C. Freegard, Florian Fritsch, Ying Fu, Haonan Gan, Feng Gao, Ruixuan Gao, Ruohan Gao, S. Q. Gao, A. Garfagnini, G. Gaudiot, Arsenii Gavrikov, Raphaël Gazzini, Christoph Genster, Diwash Ghimire, Marco Giammarchi, A. Giaz, Gianfranco Giordano, Nunzio Giudice, Franco Giuliani, Alexandre Goettel, M. Gonchar, Guanda Gong, G. Gong, Hui Gong, Michel Gonin, O.E. Gorchakov, Y. Gornushkin, Marco Grassi, Christian Grewing, M. Gromov, Vasily Gromov, Minhao Gu, Xiaofei Gu, Yu Gu, Mengyun Guan, Yuduo Guan, Nunzio Guardone, Rosa Maria Guizzetti, Cong Guo, Jingyuan Guo, Wanlei Guo, Yuhang Guo, Paul Hackspacher, C. Hagner, Hechong Han, Ran Han, Han Xiao, Yang Han, Ziguo Han, Chuanhui Hao, Jiajun Hao, Vidhya Thara Hariharan, Jincheng He, Jinhong He, Miao He, Mingtao He, Wei He, Xinhai He, Ziou He, Tobias Heinz, D. Hellgartner, Patrick Hellmuth, I. S. Heng, Y. K. Heng, R. S. Herrera, Daojin Hong, YuenKeung Hor, S. Hou, Zhilong Hou, Fatima Houria, Y. Hsiung, Bei-Zhen Hu, Hang Hu, Hao Hu, Jianrun Hu, Jun Hu, Peng Hu, Tao Hu, Wei Hu, Yuxiang Hu, Z. Hu, Chun-Hao P. Huang, Guihong Huang, Hanyu Huang, Hexiang Huang, Jinhao Huang, Junlin Huang, Junting Huang, K. X. Huang, Kaixuan Huang, Qinhua Huang, Shengheng Huang, Tao Huang, Wenhao Huang, Xiaozhong Huang, Xin Huang, Xingtao Huang, Yongbo Huang, Lian-Chen Huang, Jiaqi Hui, Lei Huo, Cédric Huss, Safeer Hussain, Léonard Imbert, A. 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Landgraf, Cecilia Landini, Lorenzo Lastrucci, Fedor Lazarev, Sébastien Leblanc, Victor Lebrin, Matthieu Lecocq, P. Lecomte, Frédéric Lefèvre, Liping Lei, Ruiting Lei, Xiang-Cui Lei, R. Leitner, Petr Lenskii, Jason Leung, Bo Li, Chao Li, Daozheng Li, Demin Li, Dian Li, Li Fei, Fule Li, Gengfeng Li, Gaosong Li, Haitao Li, Hongjian Li, Li Huang, Hui-Ling Li, Jiajun Li, Jiaqi Li, Jin Li, Ke Li, M. R. Li, Mengzhao Li, Min Li, Nan Li, Qingjiang Li, Quanlin Li, Ruhui Li, Rui Li, Shanfeng Li, Shuaijie Li, Shuo Li, Tao Li, Teng Li, Weidong Li, Weiguo Li, Xiaomei Li, Xiaonan Li, Xiwen Li, Xinying Li, Yang Li, Yawen Li, Yi Li, Yufeng Li, Yifan Li, Yingke Li, Yuanxia Li, Yufeng Li, Zepeng Li, Zhaohan Li, Zhibing Li, Zhiwei Li, Ziming Li, Ziyuan Li, Zonghai Li, An-An Liang, Jing Liang, Jingjing Liang, Jiajun Liao, Minghua Liao, Yilin Liao, Yuzhong Liao, Daniel Liebau, A. Limphirat, Sukit Limpijumnong, Bo-Chun Lin, Guey-Lin Lin, Jiming Lin, Shengxin Lin, Tao Lin, Xianhao Lin, Xingyi Lin, Yen-Hsun Lin, Jiacheng 嘉骋 Ling 凌, Jiajie Ling, Ling Xin, I. Lippi, Caimei Liu, Fang Liu, Feng‐Cheng Liu, Gang Liu, Haidong Liu, Haotian Liu, H. Liu, Hongjuan Liu, Hongtao Liu, Hongyang Liu, Hao Liu, Hui Liu, Jianglai Liu, Jianli Liu, Jiaxi Liu, J.L Liu, Jinchang Liu, Jinyan Liu, Kainan Liu, Lei Liu, Libing Liu, Mengchao Liu, Menglan Liu, Min Liu, Qishan Liu, Jun Li, Qin Liu, Runxuan Liu, Shenghui Liu, Shuangyu Liu, Shubing Liu, Shulin Liu, Wanjin Liu, Xiaowei Liu, Ximing Liu, Xinkang Liu, Xiwen Liu, Xue‐Wei Liu, Yan Liu, Yankai Liu, Yin Liu, Yiqi Liu, Yuanyuan Liu, Yuexiang Liu, Yunzhe Liu, Zhen Liu, Zhipeng Liu, Zhuo Liu, D. Lo Presti, S. Loffredo, Lorenzo Loi, P. Lombardi, Claudio Lombardo, Yongbing Long, A. Longhin, F. Longhitano, Kai Loo, Sebastian Lorenz, Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo, Chuan Lü, Lu Fan, Haoqi Lu, J. G. Lu, Junguang Lü, Meishu Lu, Peizhi Lu, Shuxiang Lü, Xianghui Lu, Xianguo Lü, Xiaoxu Lü, Xiaoying Lü, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim Lubsandorzhiev, L. Ludhová, Arslan Lukanov, Daibin Luo, Fengjiao Luo, Guang Luo, Jianyi Luo, P. W. Luo, Shu Luo, T. Luo, W. Luo, Xiaojie Luo, X. L. Luo, Zhipeng Lv, Vladimir Lyashuk, Bangzheng Ma, Bing Ma, Na Ma, Qiumei Ma, Si Ma, W. Y., Xiaoyan Ma, Xubo Ma, Santi Maensiri, Jingyu Mai, R. Maisonobe, Marco Malabarba, Yury Malyshkin, Roberto Carlos Mandujano, Fabio Mantovani, Xin Mao, Yajun Mao, Stefano Maria Mari, C. Martellini, Agnese Martini, J. Martino, Johann Martyn, Matthias Mayer, Davit Mayilyan, Worawat Meevasana, Artur Meinusch, Qingru Meng, Meng Yue, Anita Meraviglia, A. Meregaglia, Emanuela Meroni, David Meyhöfer, Jian Min, L. Miramonti, Nikhil Mohan, Salvatore Monforte, P. Montini, M. Montuschi, Nikolay Morozov, I. Morton-Blake, Xin Mu, Pavithra Muralidharan, Lakshmi Murgod, Axel H. E. Müller, Th. A. Mueller, M. Nastasi, Dmitry V. Naumov, Elena Naumova, D. Navas-Nicolás, I. Nemchenok, Elisabeth Neuerburg, V. Q. Nguyen, Dennis Nielinger, Alexey Nikolaev, Feipeng Ning, Zhe Ning, Yujie Niu, Stepan Novikov, Hiroshi Nunokawa, Lothar Oberauer, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, Samantha Cantu Olea, Sebastian Olivares, A. Olshevskiy, D. Orestano, F. Ortica, Rainer Othegraven, Yifei Pan, A. Paoloni, Nina Parkalian, George Parker, Sergio Parmeggiano, Achilleas Patsias, T. Payupol, V. Pec, D. Pedretti, Yatian Pei, Luca Pelicci, N. Pelliccia, Anguo Peng, Haiping Peng, Yu Peng, Zhaoyuan Peng, E. Percalli, Willy Perrin, F. Perrot, Pierre-Alexandre Petitjean, Fabrizio Petrucci, Min Pi, Oliver Pilarczyk, R. Pompilio, Artyom Popov, Pascal Poussot, S. Pozzi, Wathan Pratumwan, E. Previtali, Sabrina Prummer, F. Z. Qi, Ming Qi, Xiaohui Qi, S. Qian, Xiaohui Qian, Zhen Qian, Liqing Qin, Zhonghua Qin, Shoukang Qiu, Manhao Qu, Zhenning Qu, Muhammad Usman Rajput, S. Ramachandran, Gioacchino Ranucci, N. Raper, Reem Rasheed, Thomas D. Raymond, Alessandra Re, Henning Rebber, Abdel Rebii, Bin Ren, Shanjun 山君 Ren 任, Yuhan Ren, Andrea Rendina, Cristobal Morales Reveco, Taras Rezinko, Barbara Ricci, Luis Felipe Piñeres Rico, Mariam Rifai, Markus Robens, Mathieu Roche, Narongkiat Rodphai, Fernanda de Faria Rodrigues, Lars Rohwer, A. Romani, Vincent Rompel, Bedřich Roskovec, Xiangdong Ruan, Xichao Ruan, Peter Rudakov, Saroj Rujirawat, Arseniy Rybnikov, Andrey Sadovsky, Sahar Safari, G. Salamanna, Deshan Sandanayake, S. Sanfilippo, Anut Sangka, Nuanwan Sanguansak, Ujwal Santhosh, Giuseppe Sava, Utane Sawangwit, Julia Sawatzki, Michaela Schever, J. Schuler, Cédric Schwab, Konstantin Schweizer, Dmitry Selivanov, Alexandr Selyunin, Andrea Serafini, Giulio Settanta, M. Settimo, Muhammad Ikram Shahzad, Yanjun 彦军 Shan 尚, Junyu Shao, Zhuang Shao, Anurag Sharma, Vladislav Sharov, Arina Shaydurova, Wei Shen, Gang Shi, Hangyu Shi, H. 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Yermia, Peihuai Yi, Rattikorn Yimnirun, Jilong 纪龙 Yin 尹, Na Yin, Weiqing Yin, Xiangwei Yin, Xiaohao Yin, Sivaram Yogathasan, Z. You, B. Yu, C. Y. Yu, Chunxu Yu, Guangyou Yu, Guojun Yu, Hongzhao Yu, Miao Yu, Peidong Yu, S. Yu, Xianghui Yu, Yang Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Cenxi 岑溪 Yuan 袁, Chengzhuo 成卓 Yuan 袁, Zhaoyang Yuan, Zhenxiong Yuan, Ziyi Yuan, Bin Yue, Noman Zafar, André Zambanini, Jilberto Zamora, Matteo Zanetti, Vitalii Zavadskyi, Fanrui Zeng, Pan Zeng, Shan Zeng, Tingxuan Zeng, Yuda Zeng, Yujie Zeng, Liang 亮 Zhan 占, Liang Zhan, Bin Zhang, Binting Zhang, C.C. Zhang, Enze Zhang, Feiyang Zhang, Guoqing Zhang, Haiqiong Zhang, Han Zhang, Hangchang Zhang, Haosen Zhang, Honghao 宏浩 Zhang 张, Hongmei Zhang, Jialiang Zhang, Jiawen Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jin Zhang, Jingbo Zhang, Jinnan Zhang, Junwei Zhang, Kun Zhang, Lei Zhang, Mingxuan Zhang, Mohan Zhang, Peng Zhang, Ping Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Rongping Zhang, Rui Zhang, Shaoping Zhang, Shiqi Zhang, Shu Zhang, Shuihan Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Tao Zhang, Xiaofeng Zhang, Xiaomei Zhang, Xin Zhang, X. Zhang, Xuan Zhang, Xuantong Zhang, Xuesong Zhang, X. Zhang, Yan Zhang, Yibing Zhang, Yinhong Zhang, Yiyu Zhang, Yizhou Zhang, Yongjie Zhang, Yongpeng Zhang, Y. Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yue Zhang, Yueyuan Zhang, Yumei Zhang, Yuning Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Zhicheng Zhang, Zhijian Zhang, Zhixuan Zhang, Baoqi Zhao, Fengyi Zhao, Jie Zhao, Liang Zhao, Mei Zhao, Rong Zhao, Runze Zhao, Shujun Zhao, Tianchi Zhao, Tianhao Zhao, Yubin Zhao, Dongqin Zheng, Hua Zheng, Xiangyu Zheng, Yangheng 阳恒 Zheng 郑, Weili Zhong, Wei-Rong Zhong, Albert E Zhou, Guorong Zhou, Li Zhou, Lishui Zhou, Min Zhou, Shun Zhou, Tong Zhou, Xiang Zhou, Xing Zhou, Yan Zhou, Haiwen Zhu, J. Zhu, Jingsen Zhu, Jing-yu Zhu, Kangfu 康甫 Zhu 朱, Kejun Zhu, Zhihang Zhu, Ivan Zhutikov, B. A. Zhuang, Honglin Zhuang, Liang Zong, J. H. Zou, Sebastian Zwickel, Jan Züfle · 发表于：Chinese Physics C · 年份：2026 · DOI：10.1088/1674-1137/ae3dc1 · 被引用次数：10 · 研究领域：Neutrino Physics Research、Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies、Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena

Abstract The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m 2 of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper presents the performance results of the detector, extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase, the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase, and the first physics runs. The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm, while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre, measured using the 2.223 MeV γ from neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source. The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4% for two 0.511 MeV γ at the detector centre and 2.9% for the 0.93 MeV quenched 214 Po alpha decays from natural radioactive sources. The energy non-linearity is calibrated to better than 1%. Intrinsic contaminations of 238 U and 232 Th in the liquid scintillator are below 10 -16 g/g, assuming secular equilibrium. The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9% for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume. During the initial science runs, the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%, demonstratin...