Towards smarter grids: A systematic review of wide area monitoring enhancing stability, protection, and promoting environmental sustainability

作者：Md. Reshad Al Muttaki, Alvi Ibn Amzad Anil, Sadia Afrin, S. M. Shajedul Hasan · 发表于：Energy Conversion and Management X · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.ecmx.2025.101424 · 被引用次数：5 · 研究领域：Islanding Detection in Power Systems、Smart Grid Energy Management、Power System Optimization and Stability

Wide-area monitoring, protection, and control (WAMPAC) systems form the core of smart grids, enabling real-time observability, adaptive stability, and resilient protection against renewables’ intermittency, low inertia, and cyber threats. This feature concurs with the International Energy Agency’s recommendation for digitalized monitoring to enhance clean energy integration and reliability. Nevertheless, considerable gaps remain uncovered: the 20–40 % simulation outperformance to actual deployments due to unmodeled latencies/noise; weak multi-vector cybersecurity; varied environmental metrics that fail to account for embodied carbon; and preference for advanced grids over growing regions. Conducting a PRISMA-guided systematic review, this study assesses 40 peer-reviewed papers between 2019 and 2025 from IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer, and IET databases, adopting specific keywords with a stringent methodology based on MMAT quality assessment for independent integrity. Key results affirm WAMPAC’s robust performance: 97.3 % transient stability in < 40 ms; 18 % frequency nadir and 12 % settling time improvements; and 98 % fault localization in 25 ms with 22 % fewer false trips; 21 % fewer fossils and 3–5 % losses, though empirical pathways fall 25–40 % short of simulations. A comparative analysis discloses this growing divide between simulation and deployment: a confident hybrid HIL approach is advised for reliable metrics. AI-integrated WAMPACs are cyber-physical world SDG...