Naturalization of ornamental plants in the United States depends on cultivation and historical land cover context

作者：Nicole L. Kinlock, Denise W. Adams, Wayne Dawson, Franz Essl, John Kartesz, Holger Kreft, Misako Nishino, Jan Pergl, Petr Pyšek, Patrick Weigelt, Mark van Kleunen · 发表于：Ecography · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1002/ecog.07748 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies、Urban Green Space and Health、Plant and animal studies

Cultivation by humans is the primary mode of introduction for naturalized plants and an important driver of naturalization, a critical step in the invasion process. Historical records of cultivated plants can represent introduced species pools and propagule pressure, allowing for tests of how species' traits and environmental context affect naturalization while accounting for human influence. Ruderal traits, which generally promote naturalization, may not be universally advantageous across closed versus open landscapes (forest versus grassland/shrubland) or different agricultural land use conversion types, though such context dependence has not yet been demonstrated at a broad scale. We analyzed the naturalization of 3949 cultivated ornamental non‐native plant taxa that were for sale in nursery and seed catalogs in the conterminous United States during a period over 200 years to test for context dependence between traits associated with ruderality (short lifespan, shade intolerance, and self‐compatibility) and estimates of historical forest/grassland cover and agricultural land use change. We found that present‐day naturalization was closely tied to longer cultivation duration and greater cultivation extent. While ruderal traits tended to promote naturalization, perennial lifespan and shade tolerance favored naturalization in US states with higher forest cover, which is consistent with an alternative invasion strategy in closed‐canopy systems. Land use conversion to pasture a...