Molecular mechanisms of double flower development: hormone signaling and gene regulation in Antirrhinum majus

作者：Suozhu Shi, Shaorong Dong, Shuangshuang Cao, Boyan Liu, Chong Ma, Xiaohui Song, Yulai Kong, Long‐Qing Chen, Zhenglin Qiao · 发表于：Scientia Horticulturae · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.scienta.2025.114486 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Plant Molecular Biology Research、Plant Parasitism and Resistance、Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation

• The Am9 double-flowered snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L) represents a novel phenotype characterized by its double-flowered trait. • Integrated transcriptome and phytohormone profiling identified key phytohormonal regulators and transcription factors underlying double-flowered morphogenesis. • Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) revealed co-expression of the candidate genes with hormone signaling genes, directly implicating phytohormones in double-flowered morphogenesis. • A comprehensive regulatory framework depicting the hormone–transcription factor–phenotype interactions underlying double-flowered formation was proposed. • Reveals the molecular mechanism of double-flower formation and provides resources for floral trait breeding. Snapdragon ( Antirrhinum majus L.) represents a globally significant ornamental species, in which double-flowered cultivars possess considerable horticultural value and developmental biological importance owing to their distinctive floral architecture. Anatomical investigation of floral organs revealed that petaloid structures in double-flowered mutants originate from lateral protuberances of stamens, independent of floral organ homeotic transformation or the CLAVATA (CLV)-WUSCHEL (WUS) signaling pathway. Endogenous phytohormone profiling demonstrated significant enrichment of salicylic acid (SA), auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs), and jasmonic acids (JAs) during petaloid protuberance initiation, whereas elevated levels of ethylene ...