Human applications of transcranial temporal interference stimulation: A systematic review

作者：Ilya Demchenko, Ishaan Tailor, Sina Chegini, Hongjie Yu, Fatemeh Gholamali Nezhad, Alice Rueda, Anne Kever, Sridhar Krishnan, Abhishek Datta, Jed A. Meltzer, Simon J. Graham, Tom A. Schweizer, Sumientra Rampersad, Edward S. Boyden, Inês R. Violante, Robert Chen, Andrés M. Lozano, Venkat Bhat · 发表于：Brain stimulation · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.brs.2025.10.023 · 被引用次数：4 · 研究领域：Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies、Neurological disorders and treatments、Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies

BACKGROUND: Many neurological and psychiatric disorders involve dysregulation of subcortical structures. Transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, non-invasive method developed to selectively modulate deep brain regions and associated neural circuits. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate human applications of tTIS (PROSPERO ID: CRD42024559678). MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycINFO, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP were searched up to December 12, 2024. Studies involving human applications of tTIS were eligible. Methodological quality was appraised using the National Institutes of Health and modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine tools. RESULTS: Forty-eight records were reviewed (20 published studies, 28 ongoing trials). Of published studies, 16 single-session and 4 multi-session studies assessed safety, mechanistic outcomes, or therapeutic effects of tTIS in 820 participants. Stimulation was most commonly delivered at beta (20 Hz) or gamma (30-130 Hz) envelope frequencies. Neuroimaging studies support target engagement of the motor cortex, basal ganglia, and hippocampus in humans, particularly when stimulation is paired with behavioural tasks. Preliminary clinical findings in small samples demonstrated acute symptom improvements in bradykinesia and tremor within 60 min following a single tTIS session in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor. Reported adverse events across studies were mild (e.g., tingling, itching). ...