Temperature measurement of Quark-Gluon plasma at different stages

作者：B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. K. Alshammri, E. C. Aschenauer, S. Aslam, J. Atchison, V. Bairathi, Xinhe Bao, K. Barish, S. Behera, R. Bellwied, P. Bhagat, A. Bhasin, S. Bhatta, S. R. Bhosale, J. Bielčík, J. Bielcikova, J. D. Brandenburg, C. Broodo, X. Z. Cai, H. Caines, M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, D. Cebra, J. Ceska, I. Chakaberia, P. Chaloupka, Y. S. Chang, Z. Chang, A. Chatterjee, Dike Chen, C. H. Cheng, Qinyu Chen, Z. Chen, J. Cheng, Y. Cheng, W. Christie, X. Chu, Seth J. Corey, H. J. Crawford, M. Csanád, G. Dale-Gau, Arpita Das, I. M. Deppner, A. Deshpande, A. Dhamija, A. P. Dimri, P. Dixit, Xinqiao Dong, J. L. Drachenberg, E. Duckworth, J. C. Dunlop, J. Engelage, G. Eppley, S. Esumi, O. Evdokimov, O. Eyser, R. Fatemi, S. Fazio, Yanting Feng, E. Finch, Y. Fisyak, F. A. Flor, C. Fu, Taotao Fu, C. A. Gagliardi, T. Galatyuk, T. Gao, F. J. M. Geurts, S. M. Gibson, K. Gopal, X. Gou, D. Grosnick, A. Gu, A. Gupta, W. Guryn, A. Hamed, Richard Hamilton, Xiaoxue Han, Y. F. Han, S. Harabasz, M. D. Harasty, J. W. Harris, H. Harrison-Smith, L. B. Havener, X. H. He, Y. He, N. Herrmann, L. Holub, Chengzhi Hu, Q. Hu, Y. Hu, H. Z. Huang, H. Z. Huang, S. L. Huang, T. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, M. Isshiki, W. W. Jacobs, A. Jalotra, C. Jena, A. Jentsch, Yi Ji, J. Jia, Chao Jin, Neerja Jindal, X. Ju, E. G. Judd, S. Kabana, D. Kalinkin, K. H. Kang, D. Kapukchyan, K. Kauder, D. Keane, Metin Kesler, A. Khanal, Y. V. Khyzhniak, D. P. Kikoła, J. Kim, D. Kincses, I. Kisel, A. Kiselev, A. G. Knospe, J. Kołaś, B. Kórodi, L. K. Kosarzewski, L. Kumar, M. C. Labonte, R. Lacey, J. M. Landgraf, C. Larson, J. Lauret, A. Lebedev, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Leung, D. Li, H. Li, H. Li, H. Li, W. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Li, Xixin Liang, R. Licenik, Y. Lin, Y. Lin, M. A. Lisa, C. Liu, G. Liu, H. Liu, L. Liu, Z. Liu, T. Ljubicic, O. Lomicky, R. S. Longacre, E. Loyd, Tingting Lu, J. Luo, X. Luo, L. Ma, R. Ma, Y. G., N. Magdy, D. Mallick, R. Manikandhan, S. Margetis, C. Markert, O. Matonoha, O. Mezhanska, K. Mi, S. Mioduszewski, B. Mohanty, B. Mondal, M. M. Mondal, I. Mooney, J. Mrazkova, M. I. Nagy, C. Naim, A. S. Nain, J. D. Nam, Md. Nasim, H. Nasrulloh, J. M. Nelson, M. Nie, G. Nigmatkulov, T. Niida, T. Nonaka, G. Odyniec, A. Ogawa, S. B. Oh, K. Okubo, B. S. Page, S. K. Pal, A. Pandav, A. K. Panday, A. K. Pandey, T. Pani, A. Paul, S. Paul, D. Pawlowska, C. Perkins, J. Pluta, B. R. Pokhrel, I. R. C. A. Pinto, M. Posik, E. G. Pottebaum, Sayan Prodhan, T. L. Protzman, A. Prozorov, V. Prozorova, N. K. Pruthi, M. Przybycień, J. Putschke, Z. Qin, Hongbo Qiu, C. Racz, S. K. Radhakrishnan, Ajay Rana, R. L. Ray, R. Reed, C. W. Robertson, M. Robotkova, M. A. Rosales Aguilar, D. Roy, P. Chowdhury, L. Ruan, A. K. Sahoo, N. R. Sahoo, H. Sako, S. Salur, S. Sambyal, J. K. Sandhu, S. Sato, Brian C. Schaefer, N. Schmitz, F. Seck, J. Seger, R. Seto, P. Seyboth, N. Shah, P. V. Shanmuganathan, T. Shao, M. Sharma, N. Sharma, R. Sharma, S. R. Sharma, A. I. Sheikh, D. Shen, D. Y. Shen, K. Shen, S. S. Shi, Y. Shi, F. Si, Jaideep Singh, S. Singha, P. Sinha, M. J. Skoby, N. Smirnov, Y. Söhngen, Y. Song, T. D. S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, Yang Su, M. Šumbera, X. Sun, Y. Sun, B. Surrow, M. Svoboda, Z. W. Sweger, A. C. Tamis, Z. Tang, Z. Tang, T. Tarnowsky, J. H. Thomas, A. R. Timmins, D. Tlusty, D. Torres Valladares, S. Trentalange, P. Tribedy, S. K. Tripathy, T. Truhlar, B. A. Trzeciak, O. D. Tsai, C. Y. Tsang, Z. Tu, John E. Tyler, T. Ullrich, D. G. Underwood, G. Van Buren, J. Vaněk, I. Vassiliev, F. Videbæk, S. A. Voloshin, F. Wang, G. Wang, J. S. Wang, J. Wang, K. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, A. J. Watroba, J. C. Webb, P. C. Weidenkaff, G. D. Westfall, D. Wielanek, H. Wieman, G. Wilks, S. W. Wissink, R. Witt, C. P. Wong, J. Wu, X. Wu, X. Wu, B. Xi, Zhigang Xiao, Guangming Xie, W. Xie, H. Xu, N. Xu, W. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, Z. Xu, Z. Xu, G. Yan, Z. Yan, C. Yang, Q. Yang, S. Yang, Y. C. Yang, Z. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yi, Yang Yu, H. Zbroszczyk, W. Zha, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Zhao, S. Zhou, Ying Zhou, X. Zhu, M. Źurek, M. Zyzak · 发表于：Nature Communications · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1038/s41467-025-63216-5 · 被引用次数：13 · 研究领域：High-Energy Particle Collisions Research、Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies、Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions

Abstract In a Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP), the fundamental building blocks of matter, quarks and gluons, are under extreme conditions of temperature and density. A QGP could exist in the early stages of the Universe, and in various objects and events in the cosmos. The thermodynamic and hydrodynamic properties of the QGP are described by Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and can be studied in heavy-ion collisions. Despite being a key thermodynamic parameter, the QGP temperature is still poorly known. Thermal lepton pairs ( e + e − and μ + μ − ) are ideal penetrating probes of the true temperature of the emitting source, since their invariant-mass spectra suffer neither from strong final-state interactions nor from blue-shift effects due to rapid expansion. Here we measure the QGP temperature using thermal e + e − production at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The average temperature from the low-mass region (in-medium ρ 0 vector-meson dominant) is (2.01 ± 0.23) × 10 12 K, consistent with the chemical freeze-out temperature from statistical models and the phase transition temperature from Lattice QCD. The average temperature from the intermediate mass region (above the ρ 0 mass, QGP dominant) is significantly higher at (3.25 ± 0.60) × 10 12 K. This work provides essential experimental thermodynamic measurements to map out the QCD phase diagram and understand the properties of matter under extreme conditions.