Simulation of the background from $$^{13}$$C$$(\alpha ,\,n)^{16}$$O reaction in the JUNO scintillator

作者：Thomas Adam, Kai Adamowicz, Shakeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmed, S. Aiello, Fengpeng An, C. Andreopoulos, Giuseppe Andronico, Н. Анфимов, V. Antonelli, Tatiana Antoshkina, J. P. A. M. de André, Didier Auguste, Weidong Bai, N. Balashov, Andrea Barresi, D. Basilico, E. Baussan, Marco Beretta, Antonio Bergnoli, Nikita Bessonov, D. Bick, Lukas Bieger, S. Biktemerova, Thilo Birkenfeld, S.C. Blyth, Anastasia Bolshakova, M. Bongrand, M. Borghesi, D. Breton, A. Brigatti, R. Brugnera, Riccardo Bruno, Marcel Büchner, A. Budano, José Busto, Anatael Cabrera, Barbara Caccianiga, Hao Cai, X. Cai, Yanke Cai, Zhiyan Cai, S. Callier, S. Calvez, Antonio Cammi, Chuanya Cao, Guofu Cao, Jun Cao, Yaoqi Cao, R. Caruso, C. Cerna, Vanessa Cerrone, J. F. Chang, Yun Chang, Auttakit Chatrabhuti, Chao Chen, Guo-Ming Chen, Jiahui Chen, Jian Chen, Jing Chen, Junyou Chen, Pingping Chen, Shaomin Chen, Shiqiang Chen, Xin Chen, Yiming Chen, Yixue Chen, Yu Chen, Ze Chen, Zhangming Chen, Zhiyuan Chen, Jie Cheng, Yaping Cheng, Yu Cheng, A.S. Chepurnov, Alexey Chetverikov, D. Chiesa, P. Chimenti, Po-Lin Chou, Ziliang Chu, A. Chukanov, Gérard Claverie, Catia Clementi, B. Clerbaux, Claudio Coletta, Selma Conforti Di Lorenzo, Simon Csakli, Chenyang Cui, Olivia Dalager, C. De La Taille, Zhi Deng, Z. Y. Deng, Xiaoyu Ding, Xuefeng Ding, Yayun Ding, Bayu Dirgantara, Carsten Dittrich, Sergey Dmitrievsky, David Doerflinger, Dmitry Dolzhikov, Hao Dong, J. Dong, E. Doroshkevich, M. Dracos, F. Druillole, Ran Du, Shuxian Du, Yujie Duan, Katherine Dugas, S. Dusini, Hongyue Duyang, Jessica Eck, T. Enqvist, Andrea Fabbri, Ulrike Fahrendholz, Lei Fan, J. Fang, Wenxing Fang, Dmitry Fedoseev, Li-Cheng Feng, Qichun Feng, F. Ferraro, Daniela Fetzer, Marcellin Fotzé, Amélie Fournier, A. C. Freegard, Feng Gao, A. Garfagnini, Arsenii Gavrikov, M. Giammarchi, Nunzio Giudice, M. Gonchar, Guanghua Gong, Hui Gong, Y. Gornushkin, M. Grassi, M. Gromov, Vasily Gromov, M. H. Gu, Xiaofei Gu, Yu Gu, Mengyun Guan, Yuduo Guan, Nunzio Guardone, Rosa Maria Guizzetti, Cong Guo, Wanlei Guo, Caren Hagner, Hechong Han, Ran Han, Yang Han, Jinhong He, Miao He, Wei He, Xinhai He, Ziou He, Tobias Heinz, Patrick Hellmuth, Y. K. Heng, YuenKeung Hor, S. Hou, Y. Hsiung, Bei-Zhen Hu, H. Hu, Jun Hu, T. Hu, Yuxiang Hu, Guihong Huang, Jinhao Huang, J. Huang, K. X. Huang, Shengheng Huang, Tao Huang, X. T. Huang, X. T. Huang, Y. B. Huang, Jiaqi Hui, Lei Huo, Cédric Huss, S. Hussain, Léonard Imbert, Ara Ioannisian, Arnd Jacobi, Arshak Jafar, Beatrice Jelmini, Xiangpan Ji, Xiaolu Ji, Huihui Jia, Junji Jia, Cailian Jiang, Wei Jiang, Xiaoshan Jiang, Xiaozhao Jiang, Yijian Jiang, Yixuan Jiang, Xiaoping Jing, C. Jollet, Li Kang, Rebin Karaparambil, Narine Kazarian, Ali Zamir Khan, Amina Khatun, Khanchai Khosonthongkee, Denis Korablev, Konstantin Kouzakov, Alexey Krasnoperov, S. Kuleshov, S. Kumaran, Nikolay Kutovskiy, L. Labit, Tobias Lachenmaier, Haojing Lai, Cecilia Landini, Sébastien Leblanc, Matthieu Lecocq, F. Lefèvre, Ruiting Lei, R. Leitner, Jason Leung, D. M. Li, Li Fei, Fule Li, Gaosong Li, Hongjian Li, Li Huang, Jiajun Li, Min Li, Nan Li, Qingjiang Li, Ruhui Li, Rui Li, Shanfeng Li, Tao Li, Teng Li, Weidong Li, Xiaonan Li, Yi Li, Yichen Li, Yifan Li, Yufeng Li, Zhaohan Li, Zhibing Li, Zi-Ming Li, Zonghai Li, An-An Liang, Jiajun Liao, Minghua Liao, Yilin Liao, A. Limphirat, Bo-Chun Lin, Guey-Lin Lin, Shengxin Lin, T. Lin, Xianhao Lin, Xingyi Lin, Jiajie Ling, Ling Xin, I. Lippi, Caimei Liu, Fang Liu, Feng‐Cheng Liu, Haidong Liu, Haotian Liu, H. Liu, Hongjuan Liu, Hongtao Liu, Hongyang Liu, Jianglai Liu, Jiaxi Liu, Jinchang Liu, Kainan Liu, Min Liu, Qian Liu, Runxuan Liu, Shenghui Liu, Shu‐Lin Liu, Xiaowei Liu, Xiwen Liu, Xuewei Liu, Yankai Liu, Zhen Liu, Lorenzo Loi, Alexey Lokhov, P. Lombardi, Claudio Lombardo, Kai Loo, H. Q. Lu, Junguang Lu, Meishu Lu, Peizhi Lu, Shuxiang Lu, X.-G. Lu, Bayarto Lubsandorzhiev, Sultim Lubsandorzhiev, L. Ludhová, Arslan Lukanov, Fengjiao Luo, Guang Luo, Jianyi Luo, Shu Luo, W. Luo, Xiaojie Luo, Vladimir Lyashuk, Bangzheng Ma, Bing Ma, Qiumei Ma, Si Ma, W. Y., Xiaoyan Ma, Xubo Ma, Jihane Maalmi, Jingyu Mai, Marco Malabarba, Yury Malyshkin, Roberto Carlos Mandujano, Fabio Mantovani, Xin Mao, Stefano M. Mari, A. Martini, Matthias Mayer, Davit Mayilyan, Yue Meng, Anselmo Meregaglia, L. Miramonti, Marta Colomer Molla, M. Montuschi, Cristobal Morales Reveco, I. Morton-Blake, M. Nastasi, D. Naumov, Elena Naumova, I. Nemchenok, Elisabeth Neuerburg, Minh Thuan Nguyen Thi, Alexey Nikolaev, Feipeng Ning, Zhe Ning, Yujie Niu, Hiroshi Nunokawa, Lothar Oberauer, J. P. Ochoa‐Ricoux, Sebastian Olivares, A. Olshevskiy, D. Orestano, F. Ortica, Rainer Othegraven, Yifei Pan, A. Paoloni, George Parker, Yatian Pei, Luca Pelicci, Anguo Peng, Yu Peng, Zhaoyuan Peng, E. Percalli, Willy Perrin, F. Perrot, Pierre-Alexandre Petitjean, F. Petrucci, Oliver Pilarczyk, Artyom Popov, Pascal Poussot, E. Previtali, F. Z. Qi, Ming Qi, Xiaohui Qi, S. Qian, Xiaohui Qian, Zhonghua Qin, Shoukang Qiu, Manhao Qu, Zhenning Qu, G. Ranucci, Thomas D. Raymond, A. Re, Abdel Rebii, M. Redchuk, Bin Ren, Yuhan Ren, Barbara Ricci, Komkrit Rientong, Mariam Rifai, Mathieu Roche, Narongkiat Rodphai, Fernanda de Faria Rodrigues, A. Romani, Bedřich Roskovec, A. Rybnikov, Andrey Sadovsky, P. Saggese, Deshan Sandanayake, Anut Sangka, Giuseppe Sava, Utane Sawangwit, Michaela Schever, Cédric Schwab, Konstantin Schweizer, A. Selyunin, Andrea Serafini, M. Settimo, Junyu Shao, Vladislav Sharov, Hangyu Shi, H. Shi, Jingyan Shi, Yanan Shi, Vitaly Shutov, Andrey Sidorenkov, F. Šimkovic, Apeksha Singhal, C. Sirignano, Jaruchit Siripak, M. Sisti, O. Smirnov, С. В. Соколов, Julanan Songwadhana, Boonrucksar Soonthornthum, A. Sotnikov, Warintorn Sreethawong, A. Stahl, L. Stančo, E. Stanescu Farilla, Konstantin Stankevich, Hans Steiger, Jochen Steinmann, Tobias Sterr, Matthias Raphael Stock, Virginia Strati, Mikhail Strizh, Alexander Studenikin, Aoqi Su, Jun Su, Guangbao Sun, Mingxia Sun, Shifeng Sun, Xilei Sun, Y. Z. Sun, Zhengyang Sun, N. Suwonjandee, A. Takenaka, Xiaohan Tan, J. Tang, Jingzhe Tang, Qiang Tang, Quan Tang, X. Tang, Vidhya Thara Hariharan, Yuxin Tian, I. Tkachev, Tomáš Tměj, Marco Danilo Claudio Torri, Andrea Triossi, W. H. Trzaska, Yu-Chen Tung, C. Tuvé, Nikita Ushakov, Carlo Venettacci, G. Verde, Maxim Vialkov, Benoit Viaud, Cornelius Moritz Vollbrecht, V. Vorobel, Д. Воронин, L. Votano, Caishen Wang, En Wang, En Wang, Hanwen Wang, Jiabin Wang, Jun Wang, Li Wang, Meng Wang, Meng Wang, Mingyuan Wang, Qianchuan Wang, Ruiguang Wang, Sibo Wang, Tianhong Wang, Wei Wang, Wenshuai Wang, Xi Wang, Yangfu Wang, Wang Yaoguang, Y. F. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Y. F. Wang, Yuanqing Wang, Yuyi Wang, Zhe Wang, Z. Wang, Zhimin Wang, Apimook Watcharangkool, Wei Wei, Wei Wei, Yadong Wei, Yuehuan Wei, Zhengbao Wei, Liangjian Wen, Jun Weng, C. H. Wiebusch, Rosmarie Wirth, Bi Wu, Chengxin Wu, Diru Wu, Qun Wu, Yinhui Wu, Yiyang Wu, Zhaoxiang Wu, Zhi Wu, M. Wurm, Jacques Wurtz, Dongmei Xia, Shishen Xian, Ziqian Xiang, Fei Xiao, Pengfei Xiao, Xiang Xiao, Wei-Jun Xie, Xiaochuan Xie, Yijun Xie, Yuguang Xie, Zhao Xin, Zhi‐zhong Xing, Benda Xu, Cheng Xu, Donglian Xu, Fanrong Xu, Jiayang Xu, Jilei Xu, Jinghuan Xu, Meihang Xu, Shiwen Xu, Xun-Jie Xu, Yin Xu, Yu Xu, Jie-Ming Xue, Baojun Yan, Qiyu Yan, Taylor Yan, Xiongbo Yan, Yupeng Yan, Changgen Yang, Cheng-Feng Yang, Fengfan Yang, Jie Yang, Lei Yang, Pengfei Yang, Xiaoyu Yang, Yifan Yang, Yixiang Yang, Zekun Yang, Haifeng Yao, Jiaxuan Ye, M. Ye, Ziping Ye, Frédéric Yermia, Jilong Yin, Weiqing Yin, Xiaohao Yin, Z. You, Boxiang Yu, Chiye Yu, Chunxu Yu, Hongzhao Yu, Ping Yu, Xianghui Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Zeyuan Yu, Cenxi Yuan, Chengzhuo Yuan, Zhaoyang Yuan, Zhenxiong Yuan, Noman Zafar, Jilberto Zamora, Vitalii Zavadskyi, Fanrui Zeng, Shan Zeng, Tingxuan Zeng, Liang Zhan, Yonghua Zhan, Aiqiang Zhang, Bin Zhang, Binting Zhang, Feiyang Zhang, Han Zhang, Hangchang Zhang, Haosen Zhang, Honghao Zhang, Jialiang Zhang, Jiawen Zhang, Jie Zhang, Jingbo Zhang, Junwei Zhang, Lei Zhang, P. Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Rongping Zhang, Shiqi Zhang, Shuihan Zhang, Siyuan Zhang, Tao Zhang, Xiaomei Zhang, Xin Zhang, Xu Zhang, Xuantong Zhang, Yibing Zhang, Yinhong Zhang, Yiyu Zhang, Y. P. Zhang, Yu Zhang, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yumei Zhang, Zhenyu Zhang, Z.Y. Zhang, J. Y. Zhao, Runze Zhao, Shujun Zhao, Tianhao Zhao, Hua Zheng, Y. Zheng, Li Zhou, Shun Zhou, Tong Zhou, Xiang Zhou, Xing Zhou, Jingsen Zhu, Kangfu Zhu, Kejun Zhu, Zhihang Zhu, B. A. Zhuang, Honglin Zhuang, Liang Zong, J. H. Zou · 发表于：The European Physical Journal C · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14333-4 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Neutrino Physics Research、Radiation Detection and Scintillator Technologies、Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena

Abstract Large-scale organic liquid scintillator detectors are highly efficient in the detection of MeV-scale electron antineutrinos. These signal events can be detected through inverse beta decay on protons, which produce a positron accompanied by a neutron. A noteworthy background for antineutrinos coming from nuclear power reactors and from the depths of the Earth (geoneutrinos) is generated by ( $$\alpha ,\,n$$ α , n ) reactions. In organic liquid scintillator detectors, $$\alpha $$ α particles emitted from intrinsic contaminants such as $$^{238}$$ 238 U, $$^{232}$$ 232 Th, and $$^{210}$$ 210 Pb/ $$^{210}$$ 210 Po, can be captured on $$^{13}$$ 13 C nuclei, followed by the emission of a MeV-scale neutron. Three distinct interaction mechanisms can produce prompt energy depositions preceding the delayed neutron capture, leading to a pair of events correlated in space and time within the detector. Thus, ( $$\alpha ,\,n$$ α , n ) reactions represent an indistinguishable background in liquid scintillator-based antineutrino detectors, where their expected rate and energy spectrum are typically evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations. This work presents results from the open-source SaG4n software, used to calculate the expected energy depositions from the neutron and any associated de-excitation products. Also simulated is a detailed detector response to these interactions, u...