Obesity and Its Comorbidities: Current Treatment Options, Emerging Biological Mechanisms, Future Perspectives and Challenges

作者：Lihua Wang, Qian Wang, Yumo Xiong, Wei Shi, Qi Xiao · 发表于：Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.2147/dmso.s540103 · 被引用次数：22 · 研究领域：Diet and metabolism studies、Adipose Tissue and Metabolism、Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease and a major global public health challenge. Defined by excessive fat accumulation, obesity significantly increases the risk of numerous diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, contributing to rising morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Although several pharmacological treatments have demonstrated notable efficacy in weight management, concerns regarding drug safety remain a significant challenge. Metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) has emerged as the most effective intervention for achieving long-term and sustained weight loss; however, it is typically reserved for advanced stages of the disease. Moreover, the role of MBS in managing obesity-related comorbidities remains a topic of ongoing debate. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the epidemiology of obesity and its associated comorbidities, along with the latest insights into the mechanisms underlying obesity-induced chronic complications. Growing evidence highlights the crucial role of imbalances between white and brown adipose tissues, alterations in gut microbiota, genetic and epigenetic modifications, and immune system dysregulation in driving obesity and its related conditions. These emerging insights have unveiled numerous potential therapeutic targets with promising weight-reducing effects. Furthermore, advancements in our understanding of...