Virtual Reality Simulation for Assessment of Hemorrhage Control and SALT Triage Performance: A Comparison of Prehospital to In-Hospital Emergency Responders

作者：Nicholas Kman, David P. Way, Ashish R. Panchal, Jeremy Patterson, Jillian McGrath, Douglas R. Danforth, Ashutosh Mani, Dave Babbitt, Jacob Hyde, Brian Pippin, Ewart J. de Visser, Jennifer C. McVay · 发表于：Prehospital and Disaster Medicine · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1017/s1049023x25101349 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Disaster Response and Management、Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation、Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare

INTRODUCTION: Targeted identification, effective triage, and rapid hemorrhage control are essential for optimal outcomes of mass-casualty incidents (MCIs). An important aspect of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) care is field triage, but this skill is difficult to teach, assess, and research. STUDY OBJECTIVE: This study assessed triage efficacy and hemorrhage control of emergency responders from different professions who used the Sort, Assess, Life-Saving Treatment (SALT) triage algorithm in a virtual reality (VR) simulation of a terrorist subway bombing. METHODS: esponder, a high-fidelity VR simulator (Tactical Triage Technologies, LLC; Powell, Ohio USA). Participants encountered eleven virtual patients in a virtual scene of a subway station that had experienced an explosion. Patients represented individuals with injuries of varying severity. Metrics assessed included triage accuracy and treatment efficiency, including time to control life-threatening hemorrhage. Independent Mann-Whitney analyses were used to compare two professional groups on key performance variables. RESULTS: The study assessed 282 participants from the ranks of EMS clinicians and medical trainees. Most (94%) participants correctly executed both global SALT sort commands. Participants triaged and treated the entire scene in a mean time of 7.8 decimal minutes, (95%CI, 7.6-8.1; SD = 1.9 decimal minutes) with a patient triage accuracy rate of 75.8% (95%CI, 74.0-77.6; SD = 15.0%). Approximately three-quarters ...