Association between drinking water type and kidney stone risk in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional analysis of NHANES 2009–2016 data

作者：Jiajie Qin, Jiyuan Li, Hedong Zhang, Haoyu Wen, Ye Xu, Qiulin Luo, Jiawei Peng, Tengfang Li, Xiangqi Zhang, Rong Nie, Longkai Peng, Helong Dai · 发表于：International Journal of Surgery · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1097/js9.0000000000003248 · 被引用次数：5 · 研究领域：Kidney Stones and Urolithiasis Treatments、Dialysis and Renal Disease Management、Acute Kidney Injury Research

PURPOSE: While fluid intake and trace elements are known to influence kidney stone risk, the impact of drinking water type remains unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the association between water source and kidney stone prevalence. METHODS: This analysis included 10 246 adults (≥20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database (2009-2016). Kidney stone history was self-reported, and drinking water sources were assessed through 24-hour dietary recalls.We employed multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders including age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, calcium intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption, diabetes, and hypertension, to evaluate the association between drinking water type and kidney stone occurrence. To assess potential nonlinear relationships, restricted cubic spline (RCS) models were utilized. Additionally, cluster analysis was performed to categorize participants into distinct subgroups based on water consumption patterns. Finally, propensity score matching (PSM) and subgroup analyses were conducted to further validate the robustness of the findings. RESULTS: Logistic regression suggested that higher tap water intake was significantly inversely related with kidney stone prevalence [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.678, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.491-0.938, P for trend = 0.0177], suggesting a 32% lower odds of kidney stones with increased tap water co...