The Second Hintereisferner Experiment (HEFEX II): Initial Insights into Boundary Layer Structure and Surface–Atmosphere Exchange Processes from Intensive Observations at a Valley Glacier

作者：Lindsey Nicholson, Ivana Stiperski, Giordano Nitti, R. Prinz, Alexander Georgi, Alexander Raphael Groos, Thomas E. Shaw, Tobias Sauter, Michael Haugeneder, Rebecca Mott, Jean‐Emmanuel Sicart, Ben Brock, Roland Albers, Balthazar Allegri, Hélène Barral, Romain Biron, Claudine Charrondière, Catherine Coulaud, Alexander Fischer, Dylan Reynolds, Niklas Richter, Marie Schroeder, Phillip Vettori, Annelies Voordendaga, Carlos Wydra · 发表于：Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1175/bams-d-24-0010.1 · 被引用次数：2 · 研究领域：Cryospheric studies and observations、Climate change and permafrost、Winter Sports Injuries and Performance

Abstract Mountain glaciers offer opportunities to observe boundary layer exchanges in conditions characterized by predominantly stable stratification, thermally driven winds, and varying surface roughness. Logistical challenges involved in instrumenting glacier surfaces mean that in situ observations remain relatively scarce, limiting the use of this outdoor laboratory. The second Hintereisferner Experiment (HEFEX II) was carried out on an Austrian Alpine glacier during summer 2023. This collaborative endeavor, involving 12 institutions from Austria, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, represents an unprecedented set of observations of glacier microclimate. Instrumentation on the glacier surface consisted of eight 3-m and two 5-m weather stations equipped with multilevel eddy covariance systems and auxiliary instrumentation, and eight additional lower-specification weather stations. These operated successfully for 26 days with minimal data gaps. During a 3-day intensive observational period, additional instrumentation was deployed: a short-path ultrasonic anemometer installed very close to the glacier surface; a high-speed thermal camera capturing high-resolution boundary layer heat transport at the glacier centerline on a synthetic screen; 3D sampling of the glacier boundary layer using two meteorological UAVs; and a Streamline XR Doppler lidar capturing the structure of the above-valley atmosphere. These novel datasets are valuable for improving understand...