Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

作者：B. E. Aboona, J. Adam, L. Adamczyk, I. Aggarwal, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, A. K. Alshammri, E. C. Aschenauer, Saba Aslam, Jennifer Atchison, V. Bairathi, Xinhe Bao, K. N. Barish, S. Behera, R. Bellwied, P. Bhagat, A. Bhasin, S. Bhatta, S. R. Bhosale, J. Bielcik, J. Bielčíková, J. D. Brandenburg, C. Broodo, X. Z. Cai, H. Caines, M. Calderón de la Barca Sánchez, D. Cebra, J. Ceska, I. Chakaberia, P. Chaloupka, B. K. Chan, Z. Chang, A. Chatterjee, D. Chen, J. Chen, J. H. Chen, Q. Chen, Z. Chen, J. Cheng, Yin Cheong Cheng, W. Christie, X. Chu, Seth J. Corey, H. J. Crawford, M. Csanád, G. Dale-Gau, Amita Das, I. M. Deppner, A. Deshpande, A. Dhamija, A. P. Dimri, P. Dixit, X. Dong, J. L. Drachenberg, E. Duckworth, J. C. Dunlop, J. Engelage, G. Eppley, S. Esumi, O. Evdokimov, O. Eyser, R. Fatemi, S. Fazio, Y. Feng, E. Finch, Y. Fisyak, F. A. Flor, C. D. Fu, Taotao Fu, C. A. Gagliardi, T. Galatyuk, T. Gao, F. J. M. Geurts, N. Ghimire, A. Gibson, K. Gopal, X. Gou, D. Grosnick, A. Gu, A. Gupta, A. Hamed, Richard Hamilton, Xiang Han, S. Harabasz, M. D. Harasty, J. W. Harris, H. Harrison-Smith, L. B. Havener, X. H. He, Y. He, N. Herrmann, L. Holub, C. Hu, Qiang Hu, Y. Hu, Handong Huang, H. Z. Huang, S. L. Huang, T. Huang, Y. Huang, Y. Huang, T. J. Humanic, M. Isshiki, W. W. Jacobs, A. Jalotra, C. Jena, A. Jentsch, Y. Ji, J. Jia, C. Jin, Naresh Jindal, X. Ju, E. G. Judd, S. Kabana, D. Kalinkin, K. Kang, D. Kapukchyan, K. Kauder, D. Keane, Metin Kesler, A. Khanal, Y. V. Khyzhniak, D. P. Kikoła, J. Kim, D. Kincses, I. Kisel, A. Kiselev, A. G. Knospe, J. Kołaś, B. Kórodi, L. K. Kosarzewski, L. Kumar, M. C. Labonte, R. Lacey, J. M. Landgraf, C. Larson, J. Lauret, A. Lebedev, J. H. Lee, Y. H. Leung, C. Li, D. M. Li, H-S. Li, H. Li, Hongyang Li, W. Li, X. Li, X. Li, Y. Li, Z. Li, Z. Li, X. Li, Liang Yu, R. Licenik, T. Lin, Y. Lin, M. A. Lisa, C. Liu, Guoming Liu, H. Li, Like Liu, Z. Liu, T. Ljubicic, O. Lomicky, R. S. Longacre, E. Loyd, Tingting Lu, J. Luo, X. F. Luo, L. Ma, R. Ma, Y. G., N. Magdy, D. Mallick, R. Manikandhan, S. Margetis, C. Markert, O. Matonoha, O. Mezhanska, K Mi, S. Mioduszewski, B. Mohanty, B. Mondal, M. M. Mondal, I. Mooney, J. Mrazkova, M. I. Nagy, C. Naim, A. S. Nain, J. D. Nam, Md. Nasim, H. Nasrulloh, D. Neff, J. M. Nelson, M. Nie, G. Nigmatkulov, T. Niida, T. Nonaka, G. Odyniec, A. Ogawa, S. H. Oh, K. Okubo, B. S. Page, S. K. Pal, A. Pandav, Ashoutosh Panday, A. K. Pandey, T. Pani, A. Paul, Souvik Paul, D. Pawlowska, C. Perkins, J. Pluta, B. R. Pokhrel, I. R. C. A. Pinto, M. Posik, E. G. Pottebaum, Sayan Prodhan, T. L. Protzman, A. Prozorov, V. Prozorova, N. K. Pruthi, M. Przybycień, J. Putschke, H. R. Qi, H. Qiu, C. Racz, S. K. Radhakrishnan, Ajay Rana, R. L. Ray, R. Reed, C. W. Robertson, M. Robotkova, M. A. Rosales Aguilar, D. Roy, P. Chowdhury, L. Ruan, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, N. R. Sahoo, H. Sako, S. Salur, S.S. Sambyal, J. K. Sandhu, S. Sato, Brian C. Schaefer, N. Schmitz, F. Seck, J. Seger, R. Seto, P. Seyboth, N. Shah, P. V. Shanmuganathan, T. Shao, M. Sharma, N. Sharma, R. Sharma, Sayantan Sharma, A. I. Sheikh, D. Shen, D. Y. Shen, Ka Shen, S. S. Shi, Y. Shi, F. Si, Jyotsna Singh, S. Singha, P. Sinha, M. J. Skoby, N. Smirnov, Y. Söhngen, Y. Song, T. D. S. Stanislaus, M. Stefaniak, Yan Su, M. Šumbera, X. Sun, Y. Sun, B. Surrow, M. Svoboda, Z. W. Sweger, A. C. Tamis, A. H. Tang, Z. Tang, T. Tarnowsky, J. H. Thomas, A. R. Timmins, D. Tlusty, T. Todoroki, D. Torres Valladares, S. Trentalange, P. Tribedy, S. K. Tripathy, T. Truhlář, B. A. Trzeciak, O. D. Tsai, C. Y. Tsang, Zhoudunming Tu, J. Tyler, T. Ullrich, D. G. Underwood, G. Van Buren, J. Vanek, I. Vassiliev, F. Videbæk, S. A. Voloshin, F. Wang, G. Wang, G. Wang, J. S. Wang, J. Wang, Ke Wang, Xiaogang Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Z. Wang, A. J. Watroba, J. C. Webb, P. C. Weidenkaff, G. D. Westfall, D. Wielanek, H. Wieman, G. Wilks, S. W. Wissink, R. Witt, C. P. Wong, J. Wu, J. Wu, Xiang-Yu Wu, X. Wu, Xiang-Yu Wu, B. Xi, Zhiguang Xiao, G. Xie, Wei Xie, H. Xu, N. Xu, W. Xu, Y. Xu, Y. Xu, N. Xu, Q. Xu, Gangui Yan, Z. Yan, C. Yang, Q. Yang, Y. Yang, Y. Yang, Z. Ye, Z. Ye, L. Yi, Y. Yu, H. Zbroszczyk, W. Zha, C. Zhang, D. Zhang, J. Zhang, S. Zhang, W. Zhang, Xiaofeng Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Zhao, J. Zhao, M. Zhao, Shun Zhou, Y. Zhou, X. Zhu, M. Źurek, M. Zyzak · 发表于：Physical Review Letters · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1103/2qhx-cp79 · 被引用次数：13 · 研究领域：High-Energy Particle Collisions Research、Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies、Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions

Partonic collectivity is one of the necessary signatures for the formation of quark-gluon plasma in high-energy nuclear collisions. Number of constituent quarks (NCQ) scaling has been observed for hadron elliptic flow ${v}_{2}$ in top energy nuclear collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the LHC, and this has been theoretically suggested as strong evidence for partonic collectivity. In this Letter, a systematic analysis of ${v}_{2}$ of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$, ${K}_{S}^{0}$, $p$, and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ in $\mathrm{Au}+\mathrm{Au}$ collisions at $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=3.2$, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV, with the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, is presented. NCQ scaling is markedly violated at 3.2 GeV, consistent with a hadronic-interaction dominated equation of state. However, as the collision energy increases, a gradual evolution to NCQ scaling is observed. This beam-energy dependence of ${v}_{2}$ for all hadrons studied provides evidence for the onset of dominant partonic interactions by $\sqrt{{s}_{\mathrm{NN}}}=4.5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$.