Ecological Restoration Reshapes Ecosystem Service Interactions: A 30-Year Study from China’s Southern Red-Soil Critical Zone

作者：Gaigai Zhang, Lijun Yang, Jianjun Zhang, Chongjun Tang, Yuanyuan Li, Cong Wang · 发表于：Forests · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3390/f16081263 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Land Use and Ecosystem Services、Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management、Urban Green Space and Health

Situated in the southern hilly-mountain belt of China’s “Three Zones and Four Belts Strategy”, Gannan region is a critical ecological shelter belt for the Ganjiang River. Decades of intensive mineral extraction and irrational agricultural development have rendered it into an ecologically fragile area. Consequently, multiple restoration initiatives have been implemented in the region over recent decades. However, it remains unclear how relationships among ecosystem services have evolved under these interventions and how future ecosystem management should be optimized based on these changes. Thus, in this study, we simulated and assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of five key ESs in Gannan region from 1990 to 2020. Through integrated correlation, clustering, and redundancy analyses, we quantified ES interactions, tracked the evolution of ecosystem service bundles (ESBs), and identified their socio-ecological drivers. Despite a 31% decline in water yield, ecological restoration initiatives drove substantial improvements in key regulating services: carbon storage increased by 6.9 × 1012 gC while soil conservation rose by 4.8 × 108 t. Concurrently, regional habitat quality surged by 45% in mean scores, and food production increased by 2.1 × 105 t. Critically, synergistic relationships between habitat quality, soil retention, and carbon storage were progressively strengthened, whereas trade-offs between food production and habitat quality intensified. Further analysis revealed tha...