Transposons and accessory genes drive adaptation in a clonally evolving fungal pathogen

作者：Cristina López‐Díaz, Dilay Hazal Ayhan, Ana Rodríguez López, Lucía Gómez-Gil, Li‐Jun Ma, Antonio Di Pietro · 发表于：Nature Communications · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1038/s41467-025-62213-y · 被引用次数：8 · 研究领域：Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases、Plant Disease Resistance and Genetics、Plant Pathogens and Resistance

Genomes of clonally reproducing fungal pathogens are often compartmentalized into conserved core and lineage-specific accessory regions (ARs), enriched in transposable elements (TEs). ARs and TEs are thought to promote pathogen adaptation, but direct experimental evidence is sparse. Using an evolve and re-sequence approach, we found that serial passaging of the cross-kingdom fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum through tomato plants or axenic media rapidly increased fitness under the selection condition. TE insertions were the predominant type of mutations in the evolved lines, with a single non-autonomous hAT-type TE accounting for 63% of total events detected. TEs are inserted preferentially at sites of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation, a hallmark of ARs. Recurrent evolutionary trajectories during plate adaptation led to increased proliferation concomitant with reduced virulence. Unexpectedly, adaptive mutations in accessory genes strongly impacted core functions such as growth, development, quorum sensing, or virulence. Thus, TEs and ARs drive rapid adaptation in this important fungal pathogen. Using passage and re-sequence experiments, this study revealed that the clonally reproducing fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum can rapidly adapt to new environments using transposons and accessory genomic regions as the main evolutionary drivers.