Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure

作者：Susanne Hougaard Bennekou, Ana Allende, Angela Bearth, Josep Casacuberta, Laurence Castle, Tamara Čoja, Amélie Crépet, Laurentius A. P. Hoogenboom, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Claude Lambré, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Dominique Turck, Antonio Vicent Civera, Roberto Edoardo Villa, Holger Zorn, Jacqueline J. M. Castenmiller, Karlien Cheyns, Keyvin Darney, Mary E. Gilbert, Jean‐Charles Leblanc, Haakon Meyer, Evangelia Ntzani, Martin Paparella, Marco Vinceti, Heather M. WALLACE, Maria Anastassiadou, Maria Bastaki, Irene Cattaneo, Luna Greco, Anna Lanzoni, Francesca Riolo, Olaf Mosbach‐Schulz, Andrea Terron, Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson · 发表于：EFSA Journal · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9478 · 被引用次数：21 · 研究领域：Fluoride Effects and Removal、Dental Health and Care Utilization、Nutritional Studies and Diet

This updated risk assessment evaluated evidence on potential adverse health effects of fluoride related to all sources of oral exposure as mandated by the European Commission. Fluoride benefit assessment was not included. Effects on the central nervous system, thyroid and bone were prioritised. Evidence from human studies indicates that total fluoride intake is associated with adverse effects on the developing brain at drinking water concentrations > 1.5 mg/L. The evidence of such associations below 1.5 mg/L was not sufficiently consistent to draw conclusions for risk assessment. Using drinking water concentration of 1.5 mg/L as a reference point, a safe level of intake including all sources of oral exposure of 3.3 mg/day was established for pregnant women to protect the fetus. This safe level of intake was extended to apply to other adults and children > 8 years. It is considered protective also against possible adverse effects on thyroid function and bone mineralisation, for which associations have been observed at water concentrations > 1.5 mg/L. Dental fluorosis was considered the most sensitive endpoint for children ≤ 8 years. Tolerable upper intake levels (UL) of 1.0, 1.6 and 2.0 mg/day were established for infants, toddlers and children 4-8 years, respectively. These ULs are considered protective against other possible adverse effects of fluoride, including neurodevelopmental outcomes. Aggregate exposure included intake of fluoride from food, drinking water, discretion...