Hydrated electrons and other reductive species - properties, formation and applications in advanced reduction processes for degradation of emerging organic pollutants – a review

作者：Bakhtiar Ali Samejo, Manoj P. Rayaroth, Chongqing Wang, Xun Sun, Grzegorz Boczkaj · 发表于：Water Resources and Industry · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.wri.2025.100311 · 被引用次数：15 · 研究领域：Advanced oxidation water treatment、Catalytic Processes in Materials Science、Environmental remediation with nanomaterials

The hydrated electron (e−aq) has received significant attention in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and currently in advanced reduction processes (ARPs). This review offers an up-to-date information about the structure, reactivity, and stability of e−aq and environmental applications. Various ARPs, particularly generating e−aq such as UV/reductants (sulfite, iodide, dithionite and ferrous ion), and innovative technologies (e-beam, plasma, sonochemistry, photocatalysis) are discussed. Optimal conditions needed to produce enough e−aq, benefits and drawbacks of each system are given. Moreover, the degradation effectiveness of chlorinated and fluorinated chemicals, nitro-derivatives, among others are discussed. It has been found that effectiveness of ARPs, varied with the utilized processes. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were reduced effectively using UV/Indole and UV/sulfite processes. UV/iodide needed more time to degrade them. Research suggested that dissolved organic matter was a crucial e−aq scavenger. In addition, e−aq-based photochemical methods effectively reduced inorganic compounds i.e., BrO32−, NO3−, arsenic in a form of As(V) and As(III). Types of scavengers as well as methods for identification of reductive species contributing to degradation mechanism were discussed. Decrease of the matrix effect provide additional processes which will allow to preconcentrate target pollutants and eliminate most of matrix components – such approaches based on effecti...