Nanoscale Porphyrin-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Radiotherapy–Radiodynamic Therapy: A Comprehensive Review

作者：Bin Gong, Qiuyun Zhang, Yingli Qu, Xiaohua Zheng, Weiqi Wang · 发表于：Pharmaceutics · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3390/pharmaceutics17070883 · 被引用次数：11 · 研究领域：Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics、Metal-Organic Frameworks: Synthesis and Applications、Advanced Nanomaterials in Catalysis

The phototherapeutic applications of porphyrin-based nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (nMOFs) are limited by the poor penetration of conventional excitation light sources into biological tissues. Radiodynamic therapy (RDT), which directly excites photosensitizers using X-rays, can overcome the issue of tissue penetration. However, RDT faces the problems of low energy conversion efficiency, requiring a relatively high radiation dose, and the potential to cause damage to normal tissues. Researchers have found that by using some metals with high atomic numbers (high Z) as X-ray scintillators and coordinating them with porphyrin photosensitizers to form MOF materials, the excellent antitumor effect of radiotherapy (RT) and RDT can be achieved under low-dose X-ray irradiation, which can not only effectively avoid the penetration limitations of light excitation methods but also eliminate the defect issues associated with directly using X-rays to excite photosensitizers. This review summarizes the relevant research work in recent years, in which researchers have used metal ions with high Z, such as Hf4+, Th4+, Ta5+, and Bi3+, in coordination with carboxyl porphyrins to form MOF materials for combined RT and RDT toward various cancer cells. This review compares the therapeutic effects and advantages of using different high-Z metals and introduces the application of the heavy atom effect. Furthermore, it explores the introduction of a chemodynamic therapy (CDT) mechanism through iro...