2D material-based electrochemical sensors for early diabetes detection: A review of progress and prospects

作者：Ming Yang, Dongting Fu, Chunlei Gao, Ying Liu · 发表于：International Journal of Electrochemical Science · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.ijoes.2025.101123 · 被引用次数：10 · 研究领域：Electrochemical sensors and biosensors、Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques、Conducting polymers and applications

Diabetes mellitus represents a significant and escalating global health challenge, characterized by alarming prevalence rates and substantial economic burden. Early detection is paramount for effective management and prevention of debilitating long-term complications, yet conventional diagnostic methods face limitations in terms of accuracy, convenience, cost, and ability to capture dynamic glycemic changes. Electrochemical biosensors offer a promising alternative, providing advantages such as high sensitivity, rapid response, portability, and potential for miniaturization. The advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), and MXenes, has revolutionized the field of electrochemical sensing. Their unique physicochemical properties—including high electrical conductivity for rapid electron transfer, large surface area for enhanced analyte interaction, tunable surface functionalization for bioreceptor immobilization, and mechanical flexibility for wearable integration—enable substantial improvements in sensitivity, selectivity, and operational stability of electrochemical sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in utilizing 2D material-enhanced electrochemical sensors for the early detection of key diabetes-related biomarkers, including glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, glucagon, and ketones. We discuss the fundamental properties of these 2D materials and the mechanisms by which t...