Berbamine promotes autophagy and GPX4 expression through inducing abundant ROS to restrict HIV-1 and Mtb coinfection in macrophages

作者：Xuefeng Zhou, Su Zhang, Min Ou, Hong Tao, Tingzhi Cao, Lin Li, Guoliang Zhang, Hongzhou Lu · 发表于：Journal of Leukocyte Biology · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1093/jleuko/qiaf095 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Autophagy in Disease and Therapy、HIV Research and Treatment、African studies and sociopolitical issues

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) co-infection poses a significant public health threat, characterized by a high mortality rate due to impaired host immune responses. In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy, primarily using macrophage cell models co-infected with HIV-1 and Mtb. Our findings indicate that HIV-1 infection or latency significantly suppresses autophagy in macrophages, thereby creating a permissive environment for the survival and replication of intracellular Mtb. Co-infection experiments demonstrated that Mtb exacerbates the autophagy suppression induced by HIV-1, further promoting bacterial proliferation. Notably, pharmacological activation of autophagy using berbamine (BBM), a natural compound, significantly reduced HIV-1 latency reactivation and decreased the intracellular Mtb burden. Colocalization of LC3 with the HIV-1 capsid protein p24 and Mtb was observed using a confocal microscope. Mechanistic investigations revealed that BBM-induced autophagy is mediated by elevated levels of cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), which trigger autophagosome formation and lysosomal degradation. However, prolonged ROS elevation poses a risk of cellular damage; thus, BBM concurrently upregulates the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) to alleviate oxidative stress and maintain redox homeostasis. These findings underscore autophagy as a dual-function mechanism that restricts both viral persistenc...