Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogen spectrum among influenza-positive and influenza-negative patients

作者：Jing Shi, Han Shi, Yating Zhang, Xiaohua Lu, Yunxia Gan, Narenqimuge Tong, Lu Ma, Hang Zhuan, Ying Dai, Yaqi Ji, Guoming Li, Dan Chen, Lu Yang · 发表于：BMC Infectious Diseases · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s12879-025-11232-7 · 被引用次数：6 · 研究领域：Respiratory viral infections research、Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections、Otolaryngology and Infectious Diseases

BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections are a significant burden on public health worldwide, with influenza being a prominent viral infection. Although influenza is known to predispose individuals to secondary bacterial infections, the precise spectrum of respiratory pathogens in influenza-positive and negative-patients remains unclear. This study aims to gain insights into the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical implications of co-infections, facilitating the development of preventive and targeted interventions. METHODS: A total of 1,596 oropharyngeal swabs from influenza-like cases were collected from 2021 to 2023 and analyzed using real-time PCR. These samples tested for 9 different respiratory bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumonia and Neisseria meningitides, and 8 respiratory viruses, including human influenza virus and human metapneumovirus. RESULTS: This study collected samples from 403 influenza-positive patients and 1,193 influenza-negative patients, among which bacterial and viral pathogens were detected. The gender distribution among the influenza-positive and influenza-negative patients was approximately equal with males slightly outnumbering females. The age range of the participants varied from one month to 97 years old. Co-infection of influenza virus with other common respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens was identified and evaluated highly relevant for an accurate understanding of the disease's overall burden. Specifically, Streptococcus pneumoni...