Performance of PPP and PPP-RTK with new-generation GNSS constellations and signals

作者：Xiaohong Zhang, Yuhang Yang, Haochen Yang, Xiaodong Ren, Xiaojing Lin, Xuan Le, Xin Li · 发表于：Satellite Navigation · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s43020-025-00169-6 · 被引用次数：22 · 研究领域：GNSS positioning and interference、Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics、Geophysics and Gravity Measurements

Abstract The expansion of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS), along with broadcasting of additional signals, offers more options for Precise Point Positioning (PPP). Utilizing a number of constellations and frequencies provides more precise and reliable Observable-Specific Bias (OSBs) and atmospheric products, thereby enhancing the performance of PPP with Ambiguity Resolution (PPP-AR) and PPP-RTK systems. Additionally, the emergence and refinement of satellite-based augmentation services targeting PPP, such as BDS-3 Precise Point Positioning (PPP-B2b) and High Accuracy Service (HAS), have further expanded the applications of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP. In this contribution, we comprehensively overview the developmental history of major systems and the construction of global satellite-based augmentation systems. The model of multi-GNSS and multi-frequency PPP-RTK is then established, encompassing both the server and user sides. Benefiting from the modernization of GPS, refinement of Galileo, and stable operation of BDS, the convergence time of PPP float solutions is less than 9 min, while the convergence time of fixed solutions is under 5 min. The PPP-RTK system can achieve instantaneous convergence with high-confidence atmospheric products, maintaining positioning accuracy within 2.5 cm. Furthermore, vehicular experiments demonstrate that the PPP-RTK technology can maintain a positioning accuracy of around 10 cm...