Toxicant and Nicotine Exposure in Pregnant Smokers, Vapers, and Nicotine-Replacement Users: Cross-Sectional Study

作者：MICHAEL H USSHER, Sarah Lewis, Tim H. Marczylo, Ben Blount, Jamie Brown, Alexis Bailey, Tim J Coleman, Sue E Cooper, Jacqueline Marks, Mary Catherine George, Deepak Bhandari, Lanqing Wang, Atallah El Zein, Adam Laycock, Eugene Oteng‐Ntim, Lion Shahab · 发表于：Nicotine & Tobacco Research · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1093/ntr/ntaf103 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Smoking Behavior and Cessation、Gestational Diabetes Research and Management、Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology

INTRODUCTION: Given the increasing usage of vaping during pregnancy and limited longitudinal health-related data, there is an urgent need to assess the potential risks of vaping. AIMS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant UK adults (n = 140). Five study groups were purposively recruited: exclusive-smokers (n = 38), exclusive-vapers (former smokers) (n = 35), dual users of smoking and vaping (n = 25), dual users of smoking and nicotine replacement therapy (n = 10), and "never-users" of nicotine or tobacco products (n = 32). Sociodemographic, smoking, and vaping characteristics were assessed. Participants' urine samples were analyzed for biomarkers of exposure to tobacco alkaloids, and toxicants, including 14 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, copper, and tin) and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (2-naphthol). Regression analysis was used to compare biomarkers by group. RESULTS: Nicotine levels varied across product users, but not significantly. After controlling for confounders, for most VOCs, biomarker levels were similar for exclusive-vapers and never-users and significantly lower than for exclusive-smokers and any dual users. There were generally no significant differences between groups for 2-naphthol or heavy metals. For NNAL, cadmium and chromium, a high percentage of values were below the limit of detection, makin...