Rapid and Sustainable Fabrication of Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators via Electrochemical Replication and Transfer

作者：Jingjing Fu, Zijian Chen, Guoqiang Xu, Yunlong Zi, Xinyuan Li, Jiaheng Liang, Fan Chen, Qiyao Huang, Xinge Yu, Zijian Zheng · 发表于：ACS Nano · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1021/acsnano.4c15200 · 被引用次数：9 · 研究领域：Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials、Conducting polymers and applications、Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication

The rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart wearables seeks lightweight and battery-free technology that can power a wide variety of sensor nodes. Flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (f-TENGs) have garnered pronounced interest due to their versatile and efficient conversion of low-frequency mechanical motions into electricity, which can be directly applied for self-powered, battery-free electronics. While by 2035 the demand for small electronic devices may exceed a trillion pieces, the fabrication of f-TENGs nowadays is low-efficient and costly and cannot sustain the future’s green-manufacturing requirement. Herein, we report a rapid and sustainable fabrication process that produces f-TENG with high-resolution patterns and long-lasting durability that fit the needs of a wide variety of flexible electronic applications. Via an electrochemical replication and transfer (ERT) approach, we fabricate submicron-structured f-TENG electrodes at a high throughput (10 p·h –1 ) and a very low cost (1 $·p –1 ). The life-cycle assessment (LCA) analysis shows that the carbon emission of a single piece of f-TENG fabricated by the ERT-based approach is 21 kg·CO 2-eq, the lowest among the reported results. We illustrate the versatility of this sustainable fabrication for a wide range of f-TENG, such as self-powered optics and on-skin sensor arrays.