A Comprehensive Review on Targeting Hyperuricemia with Edible Bioactive Polysaccharides: Advances in Structure, Xanthine Oxidase inhibition, Uric acid-Lowering Strategies, Mechanisms, and Current Applications

作者：Zain Ullah, Zihao Yan, Min Zhang, Peng Liu, Panpan Yue, Ting Zhao, Liuqing Yang, Guang‐Ying Chen · 发表于：Food Reviews International · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1080/87559129.2025.2513014 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Gout, Hyperuricemia, Uric Acid、Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects、Diet, Metabolism, and Disease

Hyperuricemia (HUA), characterized by elevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels, due to xanthine metabolism via xanthine oxidase (XO), is a risk factor for gout, renal complications, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. The lack of uricase in humans, lifestyles, and dietary factors exacerbates high SUA levels. Edible bioactive polysaccharides (EBPs) from natural sources have garnered attention for their XO-inhibition (XOI) and UA-reducing activities. EBPs interact with key amino acid residues of XO, URAT1, GLUT9, and ABCG2, modulating the gut microbiota to lower UA levels. EBPs also alleviate inflammation via the NF-κB and NLRP3 pathways, protecting HUA-induced liver and kidney damage. The efficacy of EBPs depends on monosaccharide compositions, molecular weight (7.0 to 224 kDa), chain length, specific branching (C-4, −2, −3), and glycosidic linkages (1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-, 1,6-) with β-configurations or mixed α-/β-configurations. However, challenges such as inefficient extraction, purification, and structural complexity hinder understanding their structure-activity relationship (SAR). This review comprehensively explores the structures, sources, and mechanisms of EBPs concerning XOI and UA regulation, highlighting their efficacy in preclinical models. It also outlines strategies for designing EBPs as safe and effective functional foods, along with guidance for pharmaceutical development aimed at improving abnormal UA metabolism for managing HUA and gout.