The impact of season, temperature, and direct normal irradiance on IVF pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective cohort study

作者：Chao Wang, Jie‐Hua Chen, Zhong Lin, Li Shi, Qiuyan Ruan, Jiamin Long, Yanping Lao, Xiangli Niu · 发表于：International Journal of Biometeorology · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1007/s00484-025-02951-2 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Ovarian function and disorders、Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy、Reproductive Health and Technologies

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed associations between season, temperature, direct normal irradiance (DNI), and clinical pregnancy outcomes in first fresh in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study (June 2021-October 2023) of 1179 patients undergoing fresh IVF cycles. Inclusion criteria required age ≤ 45 years, first-time fresh embryo transfer cycles (long/antagonist protocol), excluding preimplantation genetic testing, frozen cycles, or incomplete data. Temperature and DNI were recorded from gonadotropin (Gn) initiation to oocyte retrieval. Binary logistic regression assessed seasonal impacts on clinical pregnancy, while restricted cubic splines (RCS) independently modeled temperature/DNI effects. Results. Compared to winter, clinical pregnancy likelihood was 1.74-fold higher in spring (95% CI:1.11-2.71, P = 0.015) and 1.53-fold in summer (95% CI:1.02-2.30, P = 0.042). Stratified analysis revealed a 2.02-fold increased likelihood in summer cycles using the long protocol (95% CI:1.07-3.82, P = 0.031), whereas no seasonal variation was observed in antagonist protocol. RCS regression analysis indicated a nonlinear relationship between temperature and clinical pregnancy outcomes, which was confirmed in the long protocol group. No significant correlations were observed with DNI or in patients treated with the antagonist protocol. Conclusions. Season and ambient temperature significantly impact IVF clinical pregnancy, especially in the long...