Environmental exposure to mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in Northeast China: exploring links to nodular goiter and papillary thyroid carcinoma

作者：Ziqing Sun, Boying Liu, Rui Ding, Xin Wang, Yanyan Chen, Yi Wang · 发表于：Environmental Health · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s12940-025-01194-3 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research、Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact、Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals

BACKGROUND: Environmental exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been related to some adverse health effects. An increasing number of people are suffering from nodular goiter (NG) and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), the specific types of thyroid tumors with the highest prevalence. In vivo and in vitro studies have indicated that exposure to PFAS can disrupt thyroid homeostasis and exhibit apparent endocrine-disrupting toxicity, including the decreased thyroid hormone levels and abnormal expression of thyroid-related genes. However, epidemiological evidence supporting the cause-effect relationship between PFAS exposure and the risk of NG and PTC is still lacking. METHODS: We enrolled 290 participants to explore the relationship between PFAS exposure and NG/PTC risk. 21 urinary PFAS were detected by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) models were adopted to examine effects of single and mixed PFAS exposure on NG/PTC risk. RESULTS: Our data showed that perfluoroheptane sulfonate (PFHpS) (P = 0.033) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (P = 0.003) levels in NG cases and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) (P = 0.008) levels in PTC cases were significantly higher than those in the controls. After adjustment for confounders, PFHxS was significantly related to higher NG/PTC ris...