Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

作者：GBD 2021 Global Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Risk Factors Collaborators, Ilari Rautalin, Victor Volovici, Benjamin Stark, Catherine O. Johnson, Jaakko Kaprio, Miikka Korja, Rita Krishnamurthi, Balakrishnan Nair, Annemarei Ranta, Gabriël J.E. Rinkel, Mervyn D. I. Vergouwen, Yohannes Abate, Hedayat Abbastabar, Foad Abd-Allah, Atef Abdelkader, Parsa Abdi, Arash Abdollahi, Auwal Abdullahi, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Mohamed Abouzid, Dariush Abtahi, Samir Abu‐Rumeileh, Ahmed Abualhasan, Hasan Abualruz, Hana J Abukhadijah, Ahmed Abu‐Zaid, Lawan Hassan Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin, Oyelola A. Adegboye, Saryia Adra, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade, Ali Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Budi Aji, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Yazan A. Al‐Ajlouni, Ziyad Al‐Aly, Mohammed ALBashtawy, Mohammed Usman Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Yousef Alimohamadi, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Mohammed Alsabri, Rustam Al‐Shahi Salman, Awais Altaf, Ala’a B. Al‐Tammemi, Nelson Alvis‐Guzmán, Hassan Alwafi, Mohammad Al‐Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al‐Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad S. Alyahya, Karem H. Alzoubi, Reza Amani, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Ganiyu Amusa, Deanna Anderlini, Dhanalakshmi Angappan, Abhishek Anil, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saleha Anwar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Geminn Louis Carace Apostol, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Johan Ärnlöv, Anton A Artamonov, Kurnia Dwi Artanti, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Tahira Ashraf, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Avinash Aujayeb, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Sina Azadnajafabad, Shahkaar Aziz, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Giridhara R. Babu, Nasser Bagheri, Pegah Bahrami Taqanaki, Saeed Bahramian, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Abdulaziz Bako, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Kiran Bam, Maciej Banach, Soham Bandyopadhyay, Biswajit Banik, Mainak Bardhan, Suzanne Barker‐Collo, Till Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Lingkan Barua, Mohammad‐Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Shelly L Bell, Isabela M Benseñor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Kebede Beyene, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Ajay Nagesh Bhat, Vivek Bhat, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Mekuriaw Mesfin Birhan, Mulugeta Molla Birhanu, Veera Raghavulu Bitra, Archith Boloor, Hamed Borhany, Susanne Breitner, Hermann Brenner, Raffaele Bugiardini, Norma B. Bulamu, Zahid A Butt, Lucas Scotta Cabral, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Daniela Călina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Ismael Campos‐Nonato, Angelo Capodici, Félix Carvalho, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Alberico L. Catapano, Luca Cegolon, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Rama Mohan Chandika, Gashaw Sisay Chanie, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Hitesh Chopra, Sonali G Choudhari, E. Chowdhury, Dinh‐Toi Chu, Sheng‐Chia Chung, Alyssa Columbus, Michael H Criqui, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Mohammad Amin Dabbagh Ohadi, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Koustuv Dalal, Lachlan L. Dalli, Emanuele D’Amico, Mohsen Dashti, Kairat Davletov, Vanessa De la Cruz‐Góngora, Shayom Debopadhaya, Iván Delgado‐Enciso, Emina Dervišević, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Amol S. Dhane, Mahmoud Dibas, Thanh Chi, Thao Huynh Phuong, Sushil Dohare, Mohamed Fahmy Doheim, Клара Докова, Deepa Dongarwar, Mario D’Oria, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Rajkumar Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Siddhartha Dutta, Arkadiusz Dziedzic, Abdel Rahman E’mar, David Edvardsson, Defi Efendi, Ferry Efendi, Nevine El Nahas, Islam Y. Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Chadi Eltaha, Mohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir, Theophilus I. Emeto, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Jawad Fares, Pawan Faris, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Ginenus Fekadu, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Matteo Foschi, Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Abduzhappar Gaipov, Avi A. Gajjar, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Ravindra Kumar Garg, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Molla Getie, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sulmaz Ghahramani, Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Sherief Ghozy, Artyom Gil, Jaleed Ahmed Gilani, E. V. Gnedovskaya, Pouya Goleij, Alessandra C. Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Shi‐Yang Guan, Sapna Gupta, Farrokh Habibzadeh, Mostafa Hadei, Najah R Hadi, Samer Hamidi, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J. Hankey, Netanja I. Harlianto, Josep María Haro, Faizul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Md Saquib Hasnain, Mahgol Sadat Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei, Johannes Haubold, Rasmus Havmoeller, Simon I Hay, Youssef Hbid, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Sorin Hostiuc, Junjie Huang, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing‐Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Nayu Ikeda, Adalia Ikiroma, Mehran Ilaghi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena Ilić, Milena Ilić, Md. Rabiul Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Hiroyasu Iso, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Louis Jacob, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Akhil Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Mihajlo Jakovljević, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Talha Jawaid, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Mikk Jürisson, Vidya Kadashetti, Rizwan Kalani, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Arun Kamireddy, Tanuj Kanchan, Himal Kandel, Jafar Karami, Ibraheem M. Karaye, Yeganeh Karimi, Arman Karimi Behnagh, Faizan Kashoo, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Emmanuelle Kesse‐Guyot, Yousef Khader, Inn Kynn Khaing, Fayaz Ahmad Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid Kheirallah, Feriha Fatima Khidri, Moein Khormali, Atulya Aman Khosla, Kwanghyun Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa, Sezer Kısa, Mika Kivimäki, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Oleksii Korzh, Karel Kostev, Nikhil Kothari, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Mohammed Kuddus, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Setor K. Kunutsor, Maria Dyah Kurniasari, Dian Kusuma, Ville Kytö, Carlo La Vecchia, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Hanpeng Lai, Tri Laksono, Tea Lallukka, Kamaluddin Latief, Kaveh Latifinaibin, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao T. Le, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei‐Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Jacopo Lenzi, Matilde Leonardi, Ming‐Chieh Li, Xiaopan Li, Stephen S Lim, Jialing Lin, Xuefeng Liu, Valerie Lohner, László Lorenzovici, Paulo A. Lotufo, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Jay B. Lusk, Ricardo Lutzky Saute, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Armaan K. Malhotra, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Déborah Carvalho Malta, Mohammad Alì Mansournia, LG Mantovani, Emmanuel Kwaku Manu, Hamid Reza Marateb, Mirko Marino, Seyed Farzad Maroufi, Ramón Martínez, Santi Martini, Miquel Martorell, Roy Rillera Marzo, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Elezebeth Mathews, Andrea Maugeri, Steven McPhail, Asim Mehmood, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Ritesh G. Menezes, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tomislav Mestrovic, Chamila Dinushi Kukulege Mettananda, Tomasz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Giuseppe Minervini, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Andreea Mirică, Erkin М Мirrakhimov, Mohammad Mirza‐Aghazadeh‐Attari, Ajay Kumar Mishra, Prasanna Mithra, Abdalla Z. Mohamed, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Ameen Mosa Mohammad, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Shaher Momani, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Lídia Morawska, Ahmed Msherghi, Kavita Munjal, Christopher J L Murray, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Ganesh R. Naik, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Nawsherwan DELETE-ME, Vinod C Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Soroush Nematollahi, Charles R. Newton, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Văn Thành Nguyễn, Robina Khan Niazi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Ali Nikoobar, Antonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá, Shuhei Nomura, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Fred Nugen, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Michael Safo Oduro, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Hassan Okati‐Aliabad, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Andrew T Olagunju, Muideen T. Olaiya, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira, Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba, Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa, Raffaele Ornello, Esteban Ortiz‐Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa Owolabi, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Alicia Padrón‐Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Leonidas D Panos, Leonidas D Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Romil R. Parikh, Seoyeon Park, Jay Patel, Urvish Patel, Dimitrios Patoulias, Paolo Pedersini, Emmanuel Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Anil K. Philip, М. А. Пирадов, Evgenii Plotnikov, Р. В. Полибин, Maarten J. Postma, Jalandhar Pradhan, Manya Prasad, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Gangzhen Qian, Alberto Raggi, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Vafa Rahimi‐Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Sathish Rajaa, Ali Rajabpour Sanati, Prashant Rajput, Prashant Rajput, Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Amey Rane, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Mohammad‐Mahdi Rashidi, Devarajan Rathish, Salman Rawaf, Christian Razo, Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy, Elrashdy M. Redwan, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Negar Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Mohsen Rezaeian, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Michele Romoli, Marina Romozzi, Allen G. Ross, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Nitai Roy, Priyanka Roy, Aly M A Saad, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Simona Sacco, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Usman Saeed, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif‐Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Md Refat Uz Zaman Sajib, Luciane Bresciani Salaroli, Mohamed A. Saleh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Aswini Saravanan, T. Sarkar, Sachin C. Sarode, Sachin C. Sarode, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Markus P. Schlaich, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Art Schuermans, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Ahmed Nabil Shaaban, Mahan Shafie, Moyad Shahwan, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh, Summaiya Zareen Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Anas Shamsi, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Mohammed Shannawaz, Mohammed Shannawaz, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi Rad, Vishal Sharma, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Premalatha K Shetty, Premalatha K Shetty, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu Shittu, Ivy Shiue, Nathan A. Shlobin, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Paramdeep Singh, Puneetpal Singh, Surjit Singh, Surjit Singh, Farrukh Sobia, Shipra Solanki, Shipra Solanki, Soroush Soraneh, Michael Spartalis, Suresh Kumar Srinivasamurthy, Jeffrey D Stanaway, Muhammad Haroon Stanikzai, А. В. Стародубова, Zhong Sun, Zhong Sun, Chandan Kumar Swain, Łukasz Szarpak, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Seyed‐Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Celine Tabche, Jabeen Taiba, Iman M. Talaat, Jacques Lukenze Tamuzi, Ker‐Kan Tan, Mohamad‐Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Ramna Thakur, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rasiah Thayakaran, Sathish Thirunavukkarasu, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Krishna Raj Tiwari, Marcello Tonelli, Roman Topór-Mądry, Marcos Roberto Roberto Tovani-Palone, Jasmine Tran, Jasmine Tran, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Thomas Clement Truelsen, Thien Tan Tri Tai Truyen, Daniel Hsiang‐Te Tsai, Atta Ullah, Brigid Unim, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Carolyn Unsworth, Jibrin Sammani Usman, Sanaz Vahdati, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Rohollah Valizadeh, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Tommi Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Dominique Vervoort, Jorge Hugo Villafañe, Manish Vinayak, Sergey Konstantinovitch Vladimirov, Hatem A Wafa, Yasir Waheed, Waseem Wahood, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Yanzhong Wang, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Peter Willeit, Charles Wolfe, Charles D. A. Wolfe, Yihun Miskir Wubie, Hong Xiao, Xiaoyue Xu, Xiaoyue Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Yuichiro Yano, Amir Yarahmadi, Habib Yaribeygi, Sanni Yaya, Pengpeng Ye, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Aurora Zanghì, Iman Zare, Michael Zastrozhin, Chen Zhang, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Hanqing Zhao, Shang Cheng Zhou, Abzal Zhumagaliuly, Hafsa Zia, Magdalena Zielińska, Samer H. Zyoud, Gregory A. Roth, Valery L. Feigin · 发表于：JAMA Neurology · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.1522 · 被引用次数：39 · 研究领域：Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications、Intracerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Research、Acute Ischemic Stroke Management

Importance: Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. Objective: To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. Design, Setting, and Participants: Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. Exposures: SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. Main Outcomes and Measures: Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). Results: In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the abs...