CONCN: a high-resolution, integrated surface water–groundwater ParFlow modeling platform of continental China

作者：Chen Yang, Zitong Jia, Wenjie Xu, Zhongwang Wei, Xiaolang Zhang, Yiguang Zou, Jeffrey J. McDonnell, Laura E. Condon, Yongjiu Dai, R. M. Maxwell · 发表于：Hydrology and earth system sciences · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.5194/hess-29-2201-2025 · 被引用次数：3 · 研究领域：Geophysics and Gravity Measurements、Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies、Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry

Abstract. Large-scale hydrologic modeling at the national scale is an increasingly important effort worldwide to tackle ecohydrologic issues induced by global water scarcity. In this study, a surface water–groundwater integrated hydrologic modeling platform was built using ParFlow, covering the entirety of continental China with a resolution of 30 arcsec. This model, CONCN 1.0, offers a full treatment of 3D variably saturated groundwater by solving Richards' equation, along with the shallow-water equation at the ground surface. The performance of CONCN 1.0 was rigorously evaluated using both global data products and observations. RSR values (the ratio of the root mean squared error to the standard deviation of observations) show satisfying performance with regard to streamflow, yet the streamflow is lower in the endorheic, Hai, and Liao rivers due to uncertainties in potential recharge. RSR values also indicate satisfying performance in terms of the water table depth of the CONCN model. This is an intermediate performance compared to two global groundwater models, highlighting the uncertainties that persist in current large-scale groundwater modeling. Our modeling work is also a comprehensive evaluation of the current workflow for continental-scale hydrologic modeling using ParFlow and could be a good starting point for modeling in other regions worldwide, even when using different modeling systems. More specifically, the vast arid and semi-arid regions in China with substant...