What we learn from using mass balance approach and oxidative conversion – A case study on PFAS contaminated soil samples

作者：Qi Wang, Patrick Van Hees, Patrik Karlsson, Enmiao Jiao, Marko Filipovic, Paul K.S. Lam, Leo W. Y. Yeung · 发表于：Environmental Pollution · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126420 · 被引用次数：10 · 研究领域：Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research、Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact、Air Quality and Health Impacts

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of synthetic fluorinated chemicals. Studies using multiple analytical approaches to evaluate PFAS-contaminated soils are still limited, potentially leading to an underestimation of PFAS pollution. This study introduced a stepwise analytical workflow for a comprehensive assessment of organofluorine, integrating total fluorine (TF) determination, extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis, PFAS target analysis, and PFAS precursor oxidative conversion assay. The workflow was applied to ten field soil samples collected from aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-contaminated sites. The sum target PFAS concentration (∑PFAS) ranged from 51.8 to 23200 ng/g dry weight. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid was the predominant PFAS, accounting for 13 %-82 % (mean value: 53 %) of the ∑PFAS. Target PFAS accounted for 1 %-80 % of the EOF in the soil samples, and the integration of oxidative conversion revealed additional EOF contributions ranging from 0 % to 31 %. However, a considerable proportion (20 %-94 %) of unknown organofluorine still persists after combining targeted PFAS analysis and oxidative conversion, likely due to non-oxidizable PFAS, incomplete conversion of unknown PFAS precursors, and persistence of ultra-short chain PFAS post oxidative conversion. In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between oxidative conversion and EOF results, but not with PFAS target analysis, suggesting that oxidative conversion m...