Regulation of nanomaterials in peripheral nerve regeneration from a microenvironmental perspective: biological effects and mechanisms

作者：Xiner Tan, Yiyuan Kang, Wei Du, Ziyang Wang, Jia Liu, Longquan Shao · 发表于：Materials Today Bio · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101808 · 被引用次数：6 · 研究领域：Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications、Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications、Bone Tissue Engineering Materials

The pathological microenvironment following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) comprises a dynamic interplay of cellular and molecular events that critically influence neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. Recent advances in nanotechnology have demonstrated the transformative potential of nanomaterials (NMs) in nerve repair, capitalizing on their unique physicochemical properties to engineer a pro-regenerative milieu that facilitates axonal regrowth. This review systematically explores the biological mechanisms by which NMs modulate and remodel the injury niche, thereby enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR). Specifically, this review highlights five key microenvironmental regulators, including rebuilding remyelinating Schwann cells, balancing the immune microenvironment, forming blood vessels, constructing extracellular matrix, and regulating cytokines and hormones. By analyzing these NMs-mediated therapeutic strategies, we provide novel mechanistic insights and discuss translational opportunities for next-generation nanomedicine in PNR therapy. Scheme of regenerative microenvironment factors in nanomedicine-based peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) : The microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the repair of peripheral nerve injure (PNI). This article presents a comprehensive systematic review that examines the biological effects and mechanisms of nanomaterials (NMs) in creating a conducive microenvironment for PNR, focusing on four critical aspects: Schwann cell...