Global, regional, and national burden of myocarditis and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021: updated systematic analysis

作者：Jiajia Ren, Wanyuan Liu, Xuting Jin, Chuchu Zhang, Xiwei Xu, Guorong Deng, Xiao-Ming Gao, Jiamei Li, Ruohan Li, Xiaoling Zhang, Yanli Hou, Gang Wang · 发表于：Frontiers in Public Health · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.3389/fpubh.2025.1542921 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Viral Infections and Immunology Research、Climate Change and Health Impacts、Respiratory viral infections research

Background: Comprehending the current epidemiological trends and risk factors of myocarditis is crucial for guiding future targeted prevention and treatment strategies. Methods: Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021, we conducted a secondary analysis of the incidence, prevalence, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of myocarditis by sex, age group and socio-demographic index (SDI) across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. And non-optimal temperatures, defined as same-day exposure to ambient temperatures deviating from the minimum death risk threshold, were identified as risk-factors for myocarditis-related death and DALYs. Results: From 1990 to 2021, the global prevalence of myocarditis increased from 320,623 (95% uncertainty interval: 268,557 to 371,912) to 505,030 (432,295 to 587,819). Concurrently, the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) per 100,000 people also saw a slight increase (no statistical significance) from 6.35 (5.37 to 7.36) to 6.41 (5.48 to 7.44). However, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASYR) exhibited declines, with estimated annual percentage changes of -0.20 (-0.23 to -0.17), -1.37 (-1.81 to -0.92) and -1.71 (-1.95 to -1.46), respectively. SDI quintile analysis showed that the high SDI quintile had the highest ASIR and ASPR, while the middle and high-middle SDI quintiles exhibited the highest ASDR...