Opportunities and Challenges for Nanomaterials as Vaccine Adjuvants

作者：Zongda Li, Panpan Chen, Aihua Qu, Maozhong Sun, Liguang Xu, Chuanlai Xu, Shudong Hu, Hua Kuang · 发表于：Small Methods · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1002/smtd.202402059 · 被引用次数：11 · 研究领域：Immunotherapy and Immune Responses、interferon and immune responses、Inflammasome and immune disorders

Adjuvants, as a critical component of vaccines, are capable of eliciting more robust and sustained immune responses. Nanomaterials have shown unique advantages and broad application prospects in adjuvant development due to their high adjustability and distinctive physicochemical properties. This review focuses on nanoadjuvants and their immunological mechanisms. First, various types of adjuvants are introduced with an emphasis on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, coordination polymers, liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, and other inorganic nanoparticles that can serve as vaccine adjuvants. Second, this review describes the current status of the clinical applications of nanoadjuvants. Next, the mechanisms of action for nanoadjuvants have been thoroughly elucidated, including the depot effect, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, targeting C-type lectin receptors, activation of toll-like receptors, and activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway. Finally, the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of nanoadjuvants have also been addressed.