Tailoring osteo-immunomodulatory micro-environments via a bioactive 3D PLA scaffold to potentiate regenerative healing

作者：Guochen Luo, Yi Zhang, Ping Chen, Fujun Wu, Maobiao Shi, Yaping Ma, Xin Wang · 发表于：Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114711 · 被引用次数：7 · 研究领域：Bone Tissue Engineering Materials、Bone Metabolism and Diseases、Graphene and Nanomaterials Applications

The burden of long bone fractures impacts society profoundly. Polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-based scaffolds have been widely used for bone tissue engineering due to its biodegradable and non-toxic properties. However, PLA scaffolds possess no biological and immunoregulatory activity. In addition, M2 phenotypic macrophages and M2 macrophage inducer have shown pro-healing effect. Therefore, in this study, we sought to harness the potent osteo-immunomodulatory properties of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and encapsulated bioactive interleukin-4 microdroplets (MDs) into the PLA scaffold matrix in order to enhance the biological activity and osteo-immunomodulatory properties of PLA scaffold. The MTT assay, live and dead staining, and phalloidin/DAPI dual staining were used to evaluate biocompatibility in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Unstimulated macrophages and inflammatory macrophages were further used to test its immunoregulatory role. The immunoregulatory role of MDs-IL4/PLA hybrid scaffolds on hBMSCs differentiation was further investigated in vitro. The MDs-IL4/PLA hybrid scaffolds showed high biocompatibility in hBMSCs. In addition, MDs-IL4/PLA hybrid scaffolds demonstrated good immunoregulatory role in unstimulated and inflammatory macrophages, as evidenced by marked morphological changes, significantly increased M2 phenotypic markers, and reduction of pro-inflammatory marker expression, etc. Furthermore, our results indicate that the MDs-IL4/PLA hyb...