Housing type and risk of depression – the mediating effects of perceived indoor annoyances and loneliness: a Danish cohort study, 2000–2018

作者：Anne Marie Kirkegaard, Stine Kloster, Michael Davidsen, Anne Illemann Christensen, Klaus Martiny, Carlo Volf, Steffen Loft, Niss Skov Nielsen, Lars Gunnarsen, Annette Kjær Ersbøll · 发表于：BMC Public Health · 年份：2025 · DOI：10.1186/s12889-025-22473-1 · 被引用次数：1 · 研究领域：Health disparities and outcomes、Urban Green Space and Health、Place Attachment and Urban Studies

BACKGROUND: Few studies have found that housing types and tenure might be associated with decreased mental health. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the association between housing type and the development of incident depression. Furthermore, quantifying the mediated effects through perceived indoor annoyances and perceived loneliness for the association between housing type and depression. METHODS: In this cohort study, we followed 14,387 individuals. Data on depression, housing type, perceived indoor annoyances, perceived loneliness and several covariates were obtained from the Danish National Patient Register, the Danish National Prescription Registry, the Building and Housing Register, and the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey. The association between housing type and depression was estimated by using a generalised linear model with Poisson distribution of the number of incident depressions and a logarithmic transformation of risk time as offset. Causal mediation analysis estimated the total effect mediated by perceived indoor annoyances and perceived loneliness. RESULTS: Individuals living in owned terrace houses, rented terrace houses, and rented apartments had a significantly higher incidence rate (IR) of depression compared to individuals in owner-occupied detached houses. Living in a rented apartment compared to owning a detached house was associated with an adjusted IRR for depression of 1.32 (95% CI 1.14, 1.53). Of this association, 11% could be attributed to ...